Cordyceps Mushroom Powder
Cordyceps Mushroom Powder
has a rating of 5.0 stars
based on 2 reviews.
You Might Also Like
Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder
{"id":1660586229829,"title":"Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder","handle":"lions-mane-mushroom-drinks-powder","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReach The Peak With Lion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e has one of the most unique appearances in the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFungi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Kingdom, with white coral-like structures that resemble a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27588730\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e [1]\u003c\/a\u003e. This \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e has been used in China for many centuries and is ingrained into their traditional medicine due to the wide variety of health benefits it provides \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia.\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is commonly known for its bioactive compounds that are thought to improve cognitive ability, by supporting neural growth, antioxidant activity and reduce inflammation [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27588730\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia.\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26244378\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e3,\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Anti-Inflammatory+Effects+of+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+in+a+Coculture+System+of+3T3-L1+Adipocytes+and+RAW264+Macrophages\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e4]\u003c\/a\u003e. The \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is also said to improve sleep quality and mood (listen \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/mushrooms-are-your-new-anti-aging-strategy-life-cykel-603\/id451295014?i=1000442712896\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mushroom podcast with Dave Asprey\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ehere\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e to biohacker Dave Asprey talk mushrooms) \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Anti-Inflammatory+Effects+of+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+in+a+Coculture+System+of+3T3-L1+Adipocytes+and+RAW264+Macrophages\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" Medicinal Mushrooms in Human Clinical Studies. Part I. Anticancer, Oncoimmunological, and Immunomodulatory Activities\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[5\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31118969\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e6]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOur \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e contains \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom extract\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, for you to readily access all the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e goodness\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdetails open=\"\"\u003e\u003csummary\u003eRead More\u003c\/summary\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDoes \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e sound like the perfect supplement to add to your diet\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNow you can easily feed your brain with Life Cykel’s \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e or if you are feeling a bit more adventurous, why not try our \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/lions-mane-mushroom-maca-carob-hemp-drinks\" title=\"Buy Lion's Mane Maca Mushroom Drink\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Maca \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e drink\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTo delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and other functional mushrooms, follow this \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003elink\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eto read our latest \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003eblogs \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirections: \u003c\/strong\u003eAdd one tsp (3g) to 240ml hot water, coffee, smoothies or to your desired recipe\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServing Size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1tsp (3g), once or twice daily.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVegan friendly \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGluten free\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-GMO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePacked in Australia from imported ingredients\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lion’s Mane Mushroom 10:1 Dual Extract Powder.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*These statements have not been evaluated by the TGA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eMushroom Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[1] \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Lai, P.-L., Naidu, M., Sabaratnam, V., Wong, K.-H., David, R.P., Kuppusamy, U.R., Abdullah, N. and Malek, S.N.A. (2013). Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 15(6), pp.539–554.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[3] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [4] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[5] \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWasser, S.P. (2017). Medicinal Mushrooms in Human Clinical Studies. Part I. Anticancer, Oncoimmunological, and Immunomodulatory Activities: A Review. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 19(4), pp.279–317.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[6] Vigna, L., Morelli, F., Agnelli, G.M., Napolitano, F., Ratto, D., Occhinegro, A., Di Iorio, C., Savino, E., Girometta, C., Brandalise, F. and Rossi, P. (2019). Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 2019, pp.1–12.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/details\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","published_at":"2018-10-01T12:57:09+10:00","created_at":"2018-10-03T15:11:26+10:00","vendor":"Life Cykel","type":"","tags":[],"price":2995,"price_min":2995,"price_max":4995,"available":true,"price_varies":true,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":15202697609285,"title":"50g","option1":"50g","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"OLMMP50G","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":{"id":5672326856773,"product_id":1660586229829,"position":3,"created_at":"2018-12-14T17:14:00+11:00","updated_at":"2019-03-07T13:57:22+11:00","alt":null,"width":4877,"height":3251,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/50g_Lion_s_Mane_Powder.jpg?v=1551927442","variant_ids":[15202697609285]},"available":true,"name":"Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder - 50g","public_title":"50g","options":["50g"],"price":2995,"weight":98,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_management":"shopify","barcode":"735850088228"},{"id":15202697642053,"title":"100g","option1":"100g","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"OLMMP100G","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":{"id":5672328724549,"product_id":1660586229829,"position":2,"created_at":"2018-12-14T17:14:13+11:00","updated_at":"2019-03-07T13:57:22+11:00","alt":null,"width":4877,"height":3251,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_Lion_s_Mane_Powder.jpg?v=1551927442","variant_ids":[15202697642053]},"available":true,"name":"Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder - 100g","public_title":"100g","options":["100g"],"price":4995,"weight":165,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_management":"shopify","barcode":"735850088235"}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_50g_Lion_s_Mane_Powder.jpg?v=1551927442","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_Lion_s_Mane_Powder.jpg?v=1551927442","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/50g_Lion_s_Mane_Powder.jpg?v=1551927442","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/lion_s_mane_mushroom.jpg?v=1551927442"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_50g_Lion_s_Mane_Powder.jpg?v=1551927442","options":["Size"],"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReach The Peak With Lion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e has one of the most unique appearances in the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFungi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Kingdom, with white coral-like structures that resemble a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27588730\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e [1]\u003c\/a\u003e. This \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e has been used in China for many centuries and is ingrained into their traditional medicine due to the wide variety of health benefits it provides \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia.\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is commonly known for its bioactive compounds that are thought to improve cognitive ability, by supporting neural growth, antioxidant activity and reduce inflammation [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27588730\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia.\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26244378\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e3,\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Anti-Inflammatory+Effects+of+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+in+a+Coculture+System+of+3T3-L1+Adipocytes+and+RAW264+Macrophages\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e4]\u003c\/a\u003e. The \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is also said to improve sleep quality and mood (listen \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/mushrooms-are-your-new-anti-aging-strategy-life-cykel-603\/id451295014?i=1000442712896\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mushroom podcast with Dave Asprey\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ehere\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e to biohacker Dave Asprey talk mushrooms) \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Anti-Inflammatory+Effects+of+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+in+a+Coculture+System+of+3T3-L1+Adipocytes+and+RAW264+Macrophages\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" Medicinal Mushrooms in Human Clinical Studies. Part I. Anticancer, Oncoimmunological, and Immunomodulatory Activities\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[5\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31118969\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e6]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOur \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e contains \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom extract\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, for you to readily access all the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e goodness\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdetails open=\"\"\u003e\u003csummary\u003eRead More\u003c\/summary\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDoes \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e sound like the perfect supplement to add to your diet\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNow you can easily feed your brain with Life Cykel’s \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e or if you are feeling a bit more adventurous, why not try our \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/lions-mane-mushroom-maca-carob-hemp-drinks\" title=\"Buy Lion's Mane Maca Mushroom Drink\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Maca \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003emushroom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e drink\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTo delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLion’s Mane mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and other functional mushrooms, follow this \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003elink\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eto read our latest \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003eblogs \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirections: \u003c\/strong\u003eAdd one tsp (3g) to 240ml hot water, coffee, smoothies or to your desired recipe\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServing Size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1tsp (3g), once or twice daily.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVegan friendly \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGluten free\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-GMO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePacked in Australia from imported ingredients\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lion’s Mane Mushroom 10:1 Dual Extract Powder.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*These statements have not been evaluated by the TGA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eMushroom Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[1] \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Lai, P.-L., Naidu, M., Sabaratnam, V., Wong, K.-H., David, R.P., Kuppusamy, U.R., Abdullah, N. and Malek, S.N.A. (2013). Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 15(6), pp.539–554.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[3] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [4] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[5] \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWasser, S.P. (2017). Medicinal Mushrooms in Human Clinical Studies. Part I. Anticancer, Oncoimmunological, and Immunomodulatory Activities: A Review. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 19(4), pp.279–317.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[6] Vigna, L., Morelli, F., Agnelli, G.M., Napolitano, F., Ratto, D., Occhinegro, A., Di Iorio, C., Savino, E., Girometta, C., Brandalise, F. and Rossi, P. (2019). Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 2019, pp.1–12.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/details\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e"} [{"id":92048490565,"handle":"all","title":"All","updated_at":"2019-11-13T01:35:01+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2019-02-18T10:20:43+11:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","disjunctive":false,"rules":[{"column":"variant_price","relation":"greater_than","condition":"0"},{"column":"variant_inventory","relation":"greater_than","condition":"0"},{"column":"type","relation":"not_equals","condition":"Insurance"}],"published_scope":"web"},{"id":80372269125,"handle":"frontpage","title":"Home page","updated_at":"2019-11-12T23:25:01+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2018-10-01T12:48:52+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web"},{"id":80835444805,"handle":"other-products","title":"More Products","updated_at":"2019-11-12T23:25:01+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2018-10-03T17:18:17+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web","image":{"created_at":"2018-10-03T17:19:34+10:00","alt":"","width":3240,"height":3240,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/collections\/Keep_Cup_3.png?v=1538551174"}},{"id":80835018821,"handle":"mushroom-powders","title":"Mushroom Powders","updated_at":"2019-11-13T01:35:01+11:00","body_html":"\u003ch1\u003eMushroom Powder as a Dietary Supplement\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDried organic mushrooms in a pure mushroom powder form to easily add to your daily drinks and recipes. The use of pure mushroom powder dates centuries ago. Primarily used in traditional eastern medicine, mushroom powders were considered a powerful treatment due to their great nutritional value and additional beneficial properties \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f7b4\/834d5a9c43bf507d04f3e4879ab3262e6de2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePositive experiences from mushroom powders resulted in increased interest in several specific types of fungi: Reishi, Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps mushrooms. The potential power of these mushroom powders is to support the functions of the human body and to have the ability to improve vital processes, which has gained them their modern nickname - \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe functional \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003emushrooms \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f7b4\/834d5a9c43bf507d04f3e4879ab3262e6de2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1\u003c\/a\u003e,\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09168451.2018.1431519?journalCode=tbbb20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Biologically functional molecules from mushroom-forming fungi\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e 2]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing mushroom powders as a natural supplement in your dietary routine can result in an enhanced amount of valuable nutrition needed for your journey of health and wellness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdetails\u003e\u003csummary\u003eRead More\u003c\/summary\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/lions-mane-mushroom-drinks-powder\" title=\"Buy Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder\"\u003eLion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion's Mane Mushroom is known for its positive effects on cognitive health \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=).+Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[3]\u003c\/a\u003e. The mushroom is seen to enhance physiological activities, such as antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Role+of+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushrooms+on+Human+Welfare+with+a+Pyramid+Model+for+Human+Health\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e [5\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Chemistry%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Health-Promoting+Properties+ofHericium+erinaceus(Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane)+Mushroom+Fruiting+Bodies+and+Mycelia+and+Their+Bioactive+Compounds\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e6\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26559695\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion's Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e7\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Comparative+studies+on+extracts+from+Hericium+erinaceus+by+different+polarity+reagents+to+gain+higher+antioxidant+activitie\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e8\u003c\/a\u003e] and neural growth \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Corallocins+A%E2%80%93C%2C+Nerve+Growth+and+Brain-De\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[4]\u003c\/a\u003e, improving memory and focus as well as enhancing your dreams and mood [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Hericium+erinaceus+Improves+Mood+and+Sleep+Disorders+in+Patients+Affected+by+Overweight+or+Obesity%3A+Could+Circulating+Pro-BDNF+and+BDNF+Be+Potential+Biomarkers\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers?\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e9]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/cordyceps-mushroom-powder-organic-free-shipping\" title=\"Buy Cordyceps Mushroom Powder\"\u003eCordyceps Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCordyceps mushroom shows to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidative activities (anti-ageing) [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0367326X10001863\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=86265\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" Abstract Full-Text HTML XML Download Download as PDF (Size:624KB) PP. 490-505 DOI: 10.4236\/aim.2018.87034 417 Downloads 816 Views Author(s) Leave a commentSanath Gamage1, Jiro Nakayama2, Yusuke Fuyuno2, Shoji Ohga1Affiliation(s) 1Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. 2Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. ABSTRACT The gastrointestinal health is very important aspect concerning human health. It refers to nutrient and vitamin absorption, food digestion and various infectious diseases. The Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris are highly enriched with cordycepin and ergosterol which are considered as anti bacterial substances. Present study finds out comparative effect of hot water extract of particular fungal material on growth of six species of gastrointestinal bacteria that belong to both aerobic and anaerobic and, consist with harmful and commensal categories. The appropriate concentration level of hot water extract of both strains was identified. The individual specific bacterial growing media were prepared and calculated; amounts of bacteria cultures were inoculated by using micro pipettes. The optical density and number of bacterial colonies were measured after 24 hours. The pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali with 2 × 10-3 g\/ml of concentration has significant effect on depleting the growth of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, L. gasseri and B. ovatus bacteria. B. longum has no significant effect by particular extract. Same type of extract of C. militaris has significantly reduced the growth of every bacteria used in this study. Hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean has significant growth retardation toward E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and L. gasseri. It has stimulated the growth of B. ovatus and B. longum which are considered as beneficial bacteria for human gut. This study shows that extracts of both mycelia include antimicrobial substances like cordycepin and ergosterol which can be used as food supplements to enhance human gut health. KEYWORDS Ophiocordyceps sinensis , Cordyceps militaris , Antibacterial Activity, Human Gut Bacteria 1. IntroductionThe wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris are important kind of medicinal fungi belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. Those are an abundant resource in nature with various biological activities and have been used extensively as a tonic and health supplement [1] . Chioza et al. reported that Paecilomyces hepiali and Hirsutella sinensis do coexist in O. sinensis. They found DNA of these fungi in both the caterpillar and fruiting bodies of natural O. sinensis. However, those isolates commonly exist in natural O. sinensis as a result of being endoparasites or epiphytes of the host insect [2] . In this study, P. hepiali and C. militaris have been used to prepare mycelial hot water extract.O. sinensis is a macro fungus of biomedical importance, contains a number of bioactive components. Many of them are biological response modifiers which activate our immune systems for a multitude of defensive functions. The immunomodulating effects are associated with its antitumor activity [1] and lower fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin improve oral glucose tolerance, and increase glucose-insulin index [3] . Extract of O. sinensis has inhibited hepatic fibrogenesis [4] in rats with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and reduced the weight loss, polydipsia, and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [5] . The water extract of C. militaris has reduced fasting serum glucose level and enhanced glucose utilization in skeletal muscles and improved insulin secretion in rats [6] . The bioactive constituents of particular fungus have been extracted such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, ergosterol, mannitol, and adenosine [7] [8] . Meanwhile, various pharmacological actions of these chemical constituents have been reported, including antitumor effect, antioxidant, nephroprotective, antiapoptotic, antibacterial properties and inflammatory effects [1] which are the most proverbial effect of O. sinensis and C. militaris.The effect of O. sinensis and C. militaris may be caused by a single active ingredient or by the combined action of many active agents that existed in the extractions. Research is necessary to get an overview about the genus Ophiocordyceps and Cordyceps because of the increasing interest both for medicine and mycology [9] [10] . This study has been observed pharmacological actions of the P. hepiali and C. militaris for its significant role in the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various bacterial diseases.Gastrointestinal BacteriaColonization of the gastrointestinal tract of newborn infants starts immediately after birth and occurs within a few days. Pioneer bacteria can modulate expression of genes in host epithelial cells [11] thus creating a favorable habitat for themselves, and can prevent growth of other bacteria introduced later in the ecosystem. The composition of the gut bacteria community in the stomach and colon is distinctive, which is mainly due to different physicochemical conditions, such as intestinal motility, pH value, redox condition, nutrients and host secretions. Additionally, they can be influenced by many factors, such as the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits and lifestyle [12] [13] .Generally around 400 species of bacteria have evolved and adapted to live and grow in the human intestine. The large intestine contains a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem with high densities of living bacteria, which achieve concentrations of up to 1011 or 1012 cells\/g of luminal contents [14] . The genera Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Clostridium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Ruminococcus are predominant in human beings, whereas aerobes (facultative anaerobes) such as Escherichia, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Proteus, etc. are among the subdominant genera [15] . Bacteria can supply essential nutrients, synthesize vitamin K, aid in the digestion of cellulose, and promote angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. They produce a wide spectrum of enzymes that, being reductive and hydrolytic in nature, are actively involved in many processes in the colon, such as carbohydrate and protein fermentation, bile acid and steroid transformation, metabolism of xenobiotic substances, as well as the activation and destruction of potential mutagenic metabolites [12] [16] . Nitroreductase, azoreductase, N-oxide and sulfoxide reductase are the most extensively investigated reductive enzymes, while glucosidase and glucronidase are the most extensively studied hydrolytic enzymes [14] .Some of these bacteria are potential pathogens and can be a source of infection and sepsis under some circumstances for instance when the integrity of the bowel barrier is physically or functionally breached. However, the constant interaction between the host and its microbial guests can infer important health benefits to the human host. Other hand, management of microbiota in the gut is crucial specially reducing pathogenic bacteria [17] .This study has been focused on utilization of fungal material of O. sinensis and C. militaris as food supplements and evaluation of the antibacterial activities of six species of bacteria which are categorized as commensal and pathogenic have been done. The fungal extract or synthesized drug from particular fungi can be used as prebiotic for target bacteria or symbiotic with ameliorated bacteria strains and also used as a selective inhibitor towards harmful bacteria.2. Materials and Methods2.1. Fungal StrainThe P. hepiali strain which used in this study was originally brought from Jilin Agricultural University, China and assigned to accession number KUMB1081 and C. militaris assigned to accession number KUMB1061 in the mushroom culture bank at the Laboratory of Forest Production Control, Kyushu University.2.2. Bacterial StrainThe strains which have been used this experiment and the places where bacterial strains were originally brought have been shown in Table 1.2.3. Culture Condition and Media PreparationThe E. faecalis, S. aureus and E. coli were grown in LB broth (Difco) at 37˚C. Culture media of the E. coli was shaken to provide optimum growing condition. Other strains have been incubated at 37˚C. Colony counting was done by using agar powder (Waco) ameliorated LB broth. The L. gasseri, B. longum and B. ovatus have been cultured in GAM broth (Nissui) at 37˚C. Those strains have been provided anaerobiosis conditions by using anaeropack (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc.). The cell enumerations have been carried out on modified GAM media which agar powder (Waco) was ameliorated to the media (24 hours at 37˚C).Two different types of hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris were prepared. Two flaks with 500 ml of potato dextrose broth (Difco) were prepared according to company instruction. Meanwhile, oil removed soy bean, wheat brand and distilled water were mixed at a ratio of 4:1:2 and put in to polypropylene bags. Both flaks and both bags were autoclaved at 121˚C for 30 minutes. After overnight cooling, a 5 mm diameter agar plugs with actively growing mycelium of both fungal strains were inoculated in to each potato dextrose broth and soy bean media. Those media were incubated under 25˚C for 20 days. Potato dextrose broth was used for obtain pure mycelia of both fungal strains. Day 20, both types of cultures have reached appropriate amount of mycelia. Liquid media were filtered (Advantec, 0.45 μm) and mycelial mats were collected. Mycelia were dried for 12 hours at 50˚C. From each strain, 5 g of pure mycelia were collected by following same method for few flasks and mycelia chopped by using electrical blender. When they broken in to small pieces, 500 ml of water was added and continue more few minutes. This mixture was boiled 3 hours and residual were filtered by using Advantec vacuum filter unit with 0.45 μm filter papers at first. Then 0.2 μm filter papers were used for obtaining more purified extract. Rotary evaporator was used to evaporate excess water from extract for concentrate the solution up to 2 × 10−3 g\/ml. Pycnometer (specific gravity bottle) method was used measuring the concentrations of the extracts. Then severalTable 1. Information of bacterial strains (accession number and origin).levels of concentrations were prepared by adding required amount of water. Both strains which were fully colonized on soy bean media were dried as above method and 50 g were collected. Compared to pure mycelia, soy bean media includes many substances which are removed at filtration process. That’s why 50 g of soy bean media was taken and they were broken in to small parts by using blender. Then 500 ml of water were added in to blender and continue more few minutes. Same procedure was continued for making concentrated hot water extract.2.4. Experiment Set up2.5. Statistical AnalysisThe analyses were done using Minitab 18 statistical software (Minitab Inc.) and Microsoft Excel. Identification of statistical differences within treatments was done by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. All the analyses were done with 0.05 significance levels. All graphs are presented with standard error bars.3. Results and DiscussionThe identification of antibacterial effect expressed by hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris was done. The limited spectrum of antibacterial activity of the aqueous extracts has been compared with the control. It was hard to justify since all the extracts contained the metabolites, though not in the same proportions. As shown in Table 2, effective concentration of extract was evaluated for further experiment by using both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains. Nutritional requirements of higher fungi play critical role in production of mycelia in submerged cultures. It has been found that medium constituents strongly affect chemical composition, structure and productivity [19] [20] . Mycelial biomass is one of the useful product containing various bioactive compounds, production yield of mycelial biomass should be simultaneously considered in the processes of submerged culture of P. hepiali and C. militaris.3.1. Effect of Concentration Levels on Bacterial GrowthThe clue was given by the result shown in Table 2 that extract of P. hepiali has anti bacterial effect. The bacterial growth of E. coli and L. gasseri in every concentration level show less growth compared with its own controls in terms of optical density of 600 nm [13] [21] . Suggestion can be made as the extracts have one or more antibacterial compound that has been dissolved. It has been reported the active components of Cordyceps and O. sinensis are peptides, a glycoprotein, DNase [3] , adenosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, cordycepin [22] .The inner cellular material of the both mycelium of P. hepiali and C. militaris are important for inhibit bacterial growth. As expected, high concentration has high effect on bacterial growth inhibition. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains were responded with growth retardations. It has been reported that high concentration of extract provided significant effect on bacterial inhibition [23] . The concentration of 2 × 10−3 g\/ml has shown significantly lower bacterial growth compared with other low concentration levels in terms of OD 600 nm. In this study, 2 × 10−3 g\/ml of concentration has been used for further treatments.The bacterial growths of selected six types of bacteria in the presence of pure mycelial hot water extract of P. hepiali and C. militaris have been shown in Table 3. Control plots of each bacterial strain have been represented its growth without adding any extract.Table 2. This table represents four different concentration levels of pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali effect on two different bacterial strains. The values in last four columns represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. Values in the same column and its own control column with different letters differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Table 3. This table represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on six different bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. Values in the same row with different letters differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).It has been reported that cordycepin mainly dissolved in submerged cultures [24] , referring to extract preparation of this study extracellular secretions in submerged culture has been filtered and completely wash away. The mycelia with remaining intracellular substances were used for extract preparation. It has been suggested that antibacterial substances can be found inner cellular part of mycelia as well. That might be cordycepin or ergosterol. As for the extracellular polysaccharides from mycelial cultures of Cordyceps, different constituents have been demonstrated according to species and culture conditions [24] [25] .3.2. Effect on Aerobic Bacterial GrowthEven though inside of gut consist with lack of oxygen environment, there are so many type of facultative anaerobes bacteria. The effects of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on aerobic bacteria have been shown in Figure 1.The inhibition effect done by extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris was not a selective effect on specific bacterial strain but the strength of inhibition was different among bacteria strain and between two extracts. Pure mycelial hot water extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris have significant effect of bacterial growth inhibition towards E. coli, E. faecalis and S. aureus.3.3. Effect on Anaerobic Bacterial GrowthThe human gut accommodates hundred of anaerobic bacteria as well. Out of them, growth of three selected bacterial strain at the presence of hot water extracts of pure mycelia has been presented in Figure 2.The inhibition effect done by pure mycelial extracts of P. hepiali was represented a selective effect on specific bacteria. Particular extract has no anyFigure 1. This graph represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on three different aerobic bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same bacterial strain that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Figure 2. This graph represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on three different anaerobic bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same bacterial strain that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).significant effect on growth inhibition of B. lonum strain. Meanwhile, extract of C. militaris has significnly inhibited bacterial growth of every selected strain in terms of OD 600 nm measurements.Even though extracellular polymeric substances washed away from pure mycelial hot water extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris, when the mycelia submerged culture was filtered and cleaned, active compound has still been remained to inhibit bacterial growth. There were some extracellular polymeric substances which have strong biological activities as detected from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps [19] [20] . In this regard, much attention was given to prepare hot water extract with active compound from both extracellular and inner cellular parts and, soy bean solid growing media was selected.3.4. Effect on Bacterial Growth of Hot Water Extract of C. militaris Grown on Soy Bean MediaIt was generally accepted that mycelia of many different mushrooms and entomopathogenic fungi can be grown, to some extent, on a wide range of carbon sources [24] [26] . However, the nutriant source yielding maximum growth differs from species to species. C. militaris has been investigated in this study utilizing soy bean as the preferred major nutriant source. The omission of nitrogen in the medium greatly affects fungal growth and metabolite production. Nitrogen source may be supplied to media in the form of ammonia, nitrate, or as organic compounds, such as amino acids or proteins. In comparison with organic nitrogen sources, inorganic nitrogen sources often yield relatively lower mycelial biomass production than organic sources [27] [28] .The soybean steep powder and tryptone were more efficient for mycelial growth and also enhancements obtained from using the organic sources of nitrogen may indeed not only reflect the form that the nitrogen is in, but also the fact that other non nitrogen components could play a role in the improvements [29] .The bacterial strains which belong to aerobic and anaerobic categories were treated by hot water extract of C. militaris which has been cultivated on soy bean media. The growth inhibition effect was messured as OD 600 nm absorbtion and colony count method as shown in Table 4.As graphically shown in Figure 3, hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean significantly effect on growth retardation of S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. gasseri. Mean while, B. ovatus and B. longum have grown in hot water extract treated media at a high bacteria density compared to its controls.The colony count method was followed to obtain visual detection of the effect after optical density measurements. Colony count measurements of the bacterial cultures after 24 hours of inoculation have been presented in Figure 4. Serial dilution method was followed with 0.01 dilution factor. Hot water extract of C. militaris grown on soy bean has significant effect on growth retardation of S. aureus and E. coli. In terms of colony count there was no any significant growth retardation of bacterial strains of E. faecalis, L. gasseri, B. ovatus and B. longum.It has been identified that the active compounds as cordycepin and ergosterol which are correspondent to the antibacterial effect [13] . The cordycepin was firstTable 4. This table represents the effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media towards six different bacterial strains. The values in second and third columns represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values and fourth and fifth columns represent every mean ± SD of colony count done at 24 hours after inoculations. Values of OD 600 and colony count share different letters with their own control are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Figure 3. This graph represents the effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media towards six different bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same column that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).isolated from C. militaris and its structural formula was confirmed as 3'-deoxyadenosine [30] . Cordycepin is the most considerable adenosine analogue from some Cordyceps [31] , which is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine. It was later found to be present in small amounts in O. sinensis. The cordycepin is a category of compounds that exhibits significant therapeutic potential and has many intracellular targets, including nucleic acid, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It has been reported that the variety of molecular mechanisms thatFigure 4. This figure represents the appearance and density of colonies of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media has been shown compared with colony growth of their own control. Dilution factor was 0.01 (10−2). Numbers on the dishes represented level of dilution (1). 10−4 folds dilution (2). 10−6 folds dilution (3). 10−8 folds dilution.mediate the pharmacological effects of cordycepin. Besides, they deem that cordycepin can participate in various molecular processes in cells because of its similarity with adenosine [8] . Cordycepin is a broad spectrum biocidal compound possessing not only antitumor activity but also antibacteria, antivirus, and insecticidal activities [9] . It was confirmed as a marker for C. militaris within the content profiles of nucleosides in Cordyceps product [32] . Cordycepin could be an attractive therapeutic candidate with oral activity against I\/R-associated heart diseases such as myocardial infarction [1] and also it is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine [33] . Cordycepin can intensively regulate the functions of human immune cells in vitro [34] . It has stimulated the release of some cytokines of resting PBMCs and influenced proliferation of PBMCs and transcription factors in THP-1 cell line.The researchers have shown that cordycepin is generally present in solid substrate grown Cordyceps, but not in liquid cultured Cordyceps. The presence or absence of cordycepin is dependent upon many factors, including the method of mycelial culture [24] . In this study hot water extract of C. militaris grown on soy bean solid media has some sort of beneficial effect in terms of human gut health because compared with pure mycelial extract; soy bean extract has inhibited few harmful bacterial strains while stimulating beneficial bacterial growth.The ergosterol content in C. sinensis has been determined with HPLC method and high yield has been obtained. The ergosterol is a characteristic of fungi sterol, an important source of vitamin D2 and existed in free and combined states [35] . It is an important raw material in the production of steroid hormone drugs and food, feed, and pharmaceutical raw material [36] . The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of ergosterol have been proven. It possesses weak cytotoxicity against HL-60 and BEL-7402 cell lines and moderate antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa and the fungus C. albicans [12] . Genetically modified strains which biosynthesis high yield of ergosterol can be produced [37] .Adenosine is a major nucleoside in Cordyceps and plays an important role in biochemical process in the organism [1] . The content of adenosine is much higher in cultured C. sinensis than in the natural one. Among them, cultured C. sinensis has a large number of adenosines, which are much higher than those in cultured C. militaris [38] . Nucleotide named AMP can be degraded to adenosine and the source of inosine in natural C. sinensis may be the oxidative deamination of adenosine.The soy bean media which C. militaris has actively been grown or its hot water extract can be used as a prebiotic. Because it includes food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth, activity, or both of B. ovatus and B. longum bacterial species already resident in the colon. Moreover, fully colonized soy bean media of C. militaris can be used as method of synbiotics microflora management, in which probiotics and prebiotics are used in combination. C. militaris grown on soy bean media can be used for conjunction with B. ovatus and B. longum strains. This combination could improve the survival of the probiotic organism, because its specific substrate is readily available for its fermentation [39] . Among the various human intestinal microorganisms, bifidobacteria are often taken as useful indicators of human health under most environmental conditions, on the basis that they play important roles in metabolism such as amino acid and vitamin production, aid defense against infection, are associated with longevity, antitumor activity, pathogen inhibition, improvement of lactose tolerance of milk products, and immune potentiation.The selective growth inhibitors play important role of understanding of the biochemical or molecular mechanisms of the bacterial infection and prevention of human diseases. It would be desirable to both inhibit the growth of potential pathogens and increase the numbers of bifidobacteria in the human gut. Selective growth promoters for bifidobacteria or inhibitors for harmful bacteria are especially important for human health, because intake of these extract may normalize functions that result in the prevention of diseases caused by pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract [13] . However, human gastrointestinal tract is a complex and hostile environment, it appears unlikely that a few probiotic bacterial strain capable of influencing the microbial ecology of the host and of beneficially affecting lactose intolerance, the incidence of diarrhea, mucosal immune responses, blood cholesterol concentrations, and the induction of cancer.4. ConclusionThe P. hepiali and C. militaris derived materials intake would be expected to alter the growth and composition of the intestinal flora and modulate the genesis of potentially harmful agents, thus maintaining optimal human health. On the basis of our data and earlier findings, inhibitory action of hot water extracts of P. hepiali and C. militaris toward the S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. gasseri used without any adverse effect on bifidobacteria used may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of P. hepiali and C. militaris. It is noteworthy that C. militaris has a more potent activity than the much more expensive C. sinensis. The natural resources of the P. hepiali and C. militaris are diminishing, and it is feasible to artificially cultivation of the fruiting bodies. Thus, it would be important to find out if both Cordyceps species possess similar activities. The bioactive constituents with potential therapeutic value which belongs to both P. hepiali and C. militaris should be isolated. Additionally, cordycepin may also have potential in the preservation of food and selective media for the propagation of bifidobacteria. New methods and technologies need to be adopted to extract and analyze the components, requiring evaluation along the modern scientific line. Discoveries are needed about these special creatures to harvest its value for development of mankind. More researches have to be made on the herbal-medicinal and therapeutic values of O. sinensis and C. militaris species.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.Cite this paper Gamage, S. , Nakayama, J. , Fuyuno, Y. and Ohga, S. (2018) The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. Advances in Microbiology, 8, 490-505. doi: 10.4236\/aim.2018.87034. References [1]\tLiu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, X. and Han, C. (2015) The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, Article ID 575063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/575063 [2]\tChioza, A. and Ohga, S. (2014) A Review on Fungal Isolates Reported as Anamorphs of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Journal of Mycology, 2014, Article ID 913917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/913917 [3]\tZhang, G., Huang, Y., Bian, Y., Wong, J.H., Ng, T.B. and Wang, H. (2006) Hypoglycemic Activity of the Fungi Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Tricholoma mongolicum, and Omphalia lapidescens in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72, 1152-1156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-006-0411-9 [4]\tZhang, W., Yang, J., Chen, J., Hou, Y. and Han, X. (2004) Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Effects of Exopolysaccharide Fraction (EPSF) from a Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis Fungus on Tumor-Bearing Mice. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 42, 9-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BA20040183 [5]\tLo, H.C., Tu, S.T., Lin, K.C. and Lin, S.C. (2004) The Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of the Fruiting Body of Cordyceps in Diabetic Rats Induced by Nicotinamide and Streptozotocin. Life Sciences, 74, 2897-2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.11.003 [6]\tChoi, S.B., Park, C.H., Choi, M.K., Jun, D.W. and Park, S. (2004) Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion by Water Extracts of Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces tenuipes in 90% Pancreatectomized Rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 68, 2257-2264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.68.2257 [7]\tYue, K., Ye, M., Zhou, Z., Sun, W. and Lin, X. (2013) The Genus Cordyceps: A Chemical and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 65, 474-493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x [8]\tTuli, H.S., Sharma, A.K., Sandhu, S.S. and Kashyap, D. (2013) Cordycepin: A Bioactive Metabolite with Therapeutic Potential. Life Sciences, 93, 863-869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.030 [9]\tIkeda, R., Nishimura, M., Sun, Y., Wada, M. and Nakashima, K. (2008) Simple HPLC-UV Determination of Nucleosides and Its Application to the Authentication of Cordyceps and Its Allies. Biomedical Chromatography, 22, 630-636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmc.980 [10]\tGuan, J., Zhao, J., Feng, K., Hu, D.J. and Li, S.P. (2011) Comparison and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Natural and Cultured Cordyceps Using Saccharide Mapping. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399, 3465-3474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-010-4396-y [11]\tHooper, L.V., Wong, M.H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P.G. and Gordon, J.I. (2001) Molecular Analysis of Commensal Host-Microbial Relationships in the Intestine. Science, 291, 881-884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.291.5505.881 [12]\tZhang, Y.J., Li, S., Gan, R.Y., Zhou, T., Xu, D.P. and Li, H.B. (2015) Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 7493-7519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms16047493 [13]\tAhn, Y.J., Park, S.J., Lee, S.G., Shin, S.C. and Choi, D.H. (2000) Cordycepin: Selective Growth Inhibitor Derived from Liquid Culture of Cordyceps militaris against Clostridium spp. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 2744-2748. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10898616 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf990862n [14]\tYang, L. (2008) Biorelevant Dissolution Testing of Colon-Specific Delivery Systems Activated by Colonic Microflora. Review. Journal of Controlled Release, 125, 77-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.10.026 [15]\tMitsuoka, T. (1992) The Human Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Wood, B.J.B., Eds., The Lactic Acid Bacteria, Vol. 1, Springer, Boston, M. https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9781461535225 [16]\tSavage, D.C. (1986) Gastrointestinal Microflora in Mammalian Nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 6, 155-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.001103 [17]\tGuarner, F. and Malagelada, J.R. (2003) Gut Flora in Health and Disease. The Lancet, 361, 512-519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12489-0 [18]\tWalker, D.K. and Gilliland, S.E. (1993) Relationships among Bile Tolerance, Bile Salt Deconjugation, and Assimilation of Cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 956-961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77422-6 [19]\tWagner, R., Mitchell, D.A., Sassaki, G.L. and Amazonas, M.A.L.A. (2004) Links between Morphology and Physiology of Ganodrma lucidum in Submerged Culture for the Production of Exopolysaccharide. Journal of Biotechnology, 114, 153-164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2004.06.013 [20]\tHsieh, C., Hsu, T.H. and Yang, F.C. (2005) Production of Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum (CCRC36021) by Reusing Thin Stillage. Process Biochemistry, 40, 909-916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2004.02.004 [21]\tNg, T.B. and Wang, H.X. (2005) Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps, a Prized Folk Medicine. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57, 1509-1519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1211\/jpp.57.12.0001 [22]\tHuang, Y.L., Leu, S.F., Liu, B.C., Sheu, C.C. and Huang, B.M. (2004) In Vivo Stimulatory Effect of Cordyceps sinensis Mycelium and Its Fractions on Reproductive Functions in Male Mouse. Life Sciences, 75, 1051-1062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.01.029 [23]\tLiu, N., Chen, X.G., Park, H.J., Liu, C.G., Liu, C.S., Meng, X.H. and Yu, L.J. (2006) Effect of MW and Concentration of Chitosan on Antibacterial Activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64, 60-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.10.028 [24]\tKim, H.O. and Yun, J.W. (2005) A Comparative Study on the Production of Exopolysaccharides between Two Entomopathogenic Fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in Submerged Mycelial Cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99, 728-739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02682.x [25]\tSong, C.H., Jeon, Y.J., Yang, B.K., Ra, K.S. and Sung, J.M. (1998) The Anti-Complementary Activity of Exo-Polymers Produced from Submerged Mycelial Cultures of Higher Fungi with Particular Reference to Cordyceps militaris. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 8, 536-539. http:\/\/www.koreascience.or.kr\/article\/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1MBA4_1998_v8n5_536 [26]\tYang, F.C., Huang, H.C. and Yang, M.J. (2003) The Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Mycelial Growth of Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Cultures. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 33, 395-402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0141-0229(03)00136-4 [27]\tHwang, H.J., Kim, S.W., Xu, C.P., Choi, J.W. and Yun, J.W. (2003) Production and Molecular Characteristics of Four Groups of Exopolysaccharides from Submerged Culture of Phellinus gilvus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94, 708-719. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12631207 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01903.x [28]\tKim, S.W., Xu, C.P., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Kim, C.W. and Yun, J.W. (2003) Production and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from an Entomopathogenic Fungus Cordyceps militaris NG3. Biotechnology Progress, 19, 428-435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bp025644k [29]\tXiao, J.H., Chen, D.X., Liu, J.W., Wan, W.H., Fang, N., Xiao, Y., Qi, Y. and Liang, Z.Q. (2004) Optimization of Submerged Culture Requirements for the Production of Mycelial Growth and Exopolysaccharide by Cordyceps jiangxiensis JXPJ 0109. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 1105-1116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02235.x [30]\tYang, F.Q., Li, D.Q., Feng, K., Hu, D.J. and Li, S.P. (2010) Determination of Nucleotides, Nucleosides and Their Transformation Products in Cordyceps by Ion-Pairing Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217, 5501-5510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.06.062 [31]\tPaterson, R.R.M. (2008) Cordyceps—A Traditional Chinese Medicine and Another Fungal Therapeutic Biofactory? Phytochemistry, 69, 1469-1495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.01.027 [32]\tXiao, J.H., Qi, Y. and Xiong, Q. (2013) Nucleosides, a Valuable Chemical Marker for Quality Control in Traditional Chinese Medicine Cordyceps. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 7, 153-166. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24001090 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1872208311307020007 [33]\tQian, G.M., Pan, G.F. and Guo, J.Y. (2012) Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Cordymin, a Peptide Purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis. Natural Product Research, 26, 2358-2362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2012.658800 [34]\tZhou, X., Luo, L., Dressel, W., Shadier, G., Krumbiegel, D., Schmidtke, P., Zepp, F. and Meyer, C.U. (2008) Cordycepin Is an Immunoregulatory Active Ingredient of Cordyceps sinensis. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 36, 967-980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0192415X08006387 [35]\tLi, Y.H. and Li, X.L. (1991) Determination of Ergosterol in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps Black-Bone Chicken Capsules by HPLC. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 26, 768-771. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1823719 [36]\tKitchawalit, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Kanokmedhakul, S. and Soytong, K. (2014) A New Benzyl Ester and Ergosterol Derivatives from the Fungus Gymnoascus reessii. Natural Product Research, 28, 1045-1051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2014.903478 [37]\tRajput, S.B. and Karuppayil, S.M. (2013) Small Molecules Inhibit Growth, Viability and Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Springer Plus, 2, 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2193-1801-2-26 [38]\tYang, F.Q., Ge, L., Yong, J.W.H., Tan, S.N. and Li, S.P. (2009) Determination of Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Different Species of Cordyceps by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 50, 307-314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2009.04.027 [39]\tVinderola, C.G. and Reinheimer, J.A. (2003) Lactic Acid Starter and Probiotic Bacteria: A Comparative ‘‘in Vitro’’ Study of Probiotic Characteristics and Biological Barrier Resistance. Food Research International, 36, 895-904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0963-9969(03)00098-X \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e12\u003c\/a\u003e], the mushroom also has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24231073\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e11\u003c\/a\u003e] and improves your endurance to prolonged and high intensity exercise [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e13\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27408987\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=).+Effect+of+Polysaccharide+from+Cordyceps+militaris+(Ascomycetes)+on+Physical+Fatigue+Induced+by+Forced+Swimming\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Effect of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) on Physical Fatigue Induced by Forced Swimming\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e15]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/reishi-powder\" title=\"Buy Reishi Mushroom Powder\"\u003eReishi Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe constituents within Reishi mushroom help to enhance anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and immunomodulating activities [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00973\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e16\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ben\/cpb\/2016\/00000017\/00000003\/art00010?crawler=true\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24386913\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. The mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24386913\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17383716\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e19\u003c\/a\u003e]. The positive experience of the usage of Reishi mushroom powder in Asian culture has helped Reishi become a symbol of longevity, balance and well-being of the mind, body and spirit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eMushroom Powder Dosage\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion’s Mane, Cordyceps and Reishi mushroom powder dosage as a daily supplement should be 1 tsp once or twice a day. Mushroom powders are easy and convenient to use, simply add the mushroom powder to coffee, smoothies, water, tea or use it in your favourite recipes. Click \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/recipes\" title=\"Mushroom Recipes\"\u003e\u003cu\u003ehere\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e to view some of our delicious mushroom recipes for some inspiration!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you want to buy Lion’s Mane, Cordyceps or Reishi mushroom powder, Australia’s best organic mushroom powders, you are in the perfect place, browse our collection of mushroom powders below\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e To delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about functional mushrooms, follow this \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003e\u003cu\u003elink \u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto read our latest blogs.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[1] Bilal, A.W., R, H.B. and A, H.W. (2010). Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Medicinal Plants Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 4(24), pp.2598–2604.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[2] Choi, J.-H. (2018). Biologically functional molecules from mushroom-forming fungi. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 82(3), pp.372–382.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[3] Lai, P.-L., Naidu, M., Sabaratnam, V., Wong, K.-H., David, R.P., Kuppusamy, U.R., Abdullah, N. and Malek, S.N.A. (2013). Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 15(6), pp.539–554.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[4] Wittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[5] Chang, S.-T. and Wasser, S.P. (2012). The Role of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms on Human Welfare with a Pyramid Model for Human Health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 14(2), pp.95–134.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [6] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[7] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [8] JIANG, S., WANG, Y. and ZHANG, X. (2016). Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eExperimental and Therapeutic Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 12(1), pp.513–517.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[9] Das, S.K., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A. and Sakakibara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFitoterapia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 81(8), pp.961–968.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[10] Ko and Leung. Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin Med. 2007. Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[11] Gamage, S., Nakayama, J., Fuyuno, Y. and Ohga, S. (2018). The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePaecilomyces hepiali \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCordyceps militaris\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdvances in Microbiology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 08(07), pp.490–505.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[12] Kim, S.B., Ahn, B., Kim, M., Ji, H.-J., Shin, S.-K., Hong, I.P., Kim, C.Y., Hwang, B.Y. and Lee, M.K. (2014). Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 151(1), pp.478–484.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [13] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[14] Cilerdzic, J., Stajic, M. and Vukojevic, J. (2016). Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCurrent Pharmaceutical Biotechnology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(3), pp.275–282.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[15] Wang, C.-H., Hsieh, S.-C., Wang, H.-J., Chen, M.-L., Lin, B.-F., Chiang, B.-H. and Lu, T.-J. (2014). Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 62(3), pp.634–641.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[16] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003c\/details\u003e","published_at":"2018-10-03T17:13:28+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web","image":{"created_at":"2018-10-03T17:17:02+10:00","alt":"","width":2000,"height":1602,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/collections\/Powder_Chaga.png?v=1570769090"}},{"id":81919148101,"handle":"our-most-popular-products","title":"Our most popular products","updated_at":"2019-11-13T02:30:03+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2018-10-09T20:31:53+11:00","sort_order":"manual","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web","image":{"created_at":"2018-10-09T21:38:37+11:00","alt":"","width":1000,"height":1061,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/collections\/mushroom-box-grown_9f7cd2ae-9917-4975-be1f-7e05481b2d9d.jpg?v=1539081517"}}]$29.95 AUD
Reishi Mushroom Powder
{"id":1660086681669,"title":"Reishi Mushroom Powder","handle":"reishi-powder","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaste The Benefits With Reishi Mushroom Powder\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Reishi mushroom is commonly known as the mushroom of immortality, as it has been used for many millennia in Chinese medicine to various diseases and therefore prolong life \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK92757\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) A Medicinal Mushroom\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/316950295_Antitubercular_Activity_of_Mycelium-Associated_Ganoderma_Lanostanoids\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e 2]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bioactive constituents that have been found to hold medicinal properties within the Reishi mushroom are mainly Lanostane-type triterpinoids and polysaccharides such as beta-glucans. These are considered as potent agents for enhancing the immune system, as well as having high antioxidant and anti-microbial capacities \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK92757\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) A Medicinal Mushroom\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.dl.begellhouse.com\/journals\/708ae68d64b17c52,5d7e3270003d02bf,6a2db231456631ee.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (aphyllophoromycetideae): A review\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e3]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation. When consumed, the mushroom shows to have hypnotic\/sedative type effects, which explains why the mushroom has also been used to treat restlessness, palpitation and insomnia in China for hundreds of years \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17383716\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[4\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378874111008981?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e5]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about Reishi mushroom and other functional mushrooms, follow this \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003e\u003cu\u003elink \u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto read our latest blogs \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003eTake it easy with Life Cykel's Reishi Mushroom Powder.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDirections: \u003c\/strong\u003eAdd one tsp (3g) to 240ml of hot water, coffee, smoothies or desired \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/recipes\" title=\"Mushroom recipes\"\u003erecipe\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServing size: \u003c\/strong\u003eOne tsp (3g), once or twice daily\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVegan friendly\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGluten free\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-GMO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePacked in Australia from imported ingredients\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reishi Mushroom 10:1 Dual Extract Powder.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailable in 50g and 100g packs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMushroom Research\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Wachtel-Galor S, Yuen J, Buswell JA, et al. (2011) Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press\/Taylor \u0026amp; Francis; 2011. Chapter 9.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e [2] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/em\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] Gao, Y; Zhou, S; Huang, M; Xu, A (2013). Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (aphyllophoromycetideae): A review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, [online] 5(3), pp.235–246.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003cem\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/em\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Cui, X.-Y., Cui, S.-Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Z.-J., Yu, B., Sheng, Z.-F., Zhang, X.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2012). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e, 139(3), pp.796–800.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e* This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","published_at":"2018-10-01T12:57:09+10:00","created_at":"2018-10-03T13:28:33+10:00","vendor":"Life Cykel","type":"","tags":[],"price":2995,"price_min":2995,"price_max":4995,"available":true,"price_varies":true,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":15196689629253,"title":"50g","option1":"50g","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"ORMP50G","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":{"id":5672353923141,"product_id":1660086681669,"position":3,"created_at":"2018-12-14T17:17:31+11:00","updated_at":"2019-03-07T13:53:41+11:00","alt":null,"width":4877,"height":3251,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/50g_Reishi_Powder.jpg?v=1551927221","variant_ids":[15196689629253]},"available":true,"name":"Reishi Mushroom Powder - 50g","public_title":"50g","options":["50g"],"price":2995,"weight":98,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_management":"shopify","barcode":"735850088204"},{"id":15196689694789,"title":"100g","option1":"100g","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"ORMP100G","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":{"id":5672354414661,"product_id":1660086681669,"position":2,"created_at":"2018-12-14T17:17:38+11:00","updated_at":"2019-03-07T13:53:41+11:00","alt":null,"width":4877,"height":3251,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_Reishi_Powder.jpg?v=1551927221","variant_ids":[15196689694789]},"available":true,"name":"Reishi Mushroom Powder - 100g","public_title":"100g","options":["100g"],"price":4995,"weight":165,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_management":"shopify","barcode":"735850088211"}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_50g_Reishi_Powder.jpg?v=1551927221","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_Reishi_Powder.jpg?v=1551927221","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/50g_Reishi_Powder.jpg?v=1551927221","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/reishi_medicinal_mushroom.jpg?v=1551927221"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/100g_50g_Reishi_Powder.jpg?v=1551927221","options":["Size"],"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaste The Benefits With Reishi Mushroom Powder\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Reishi mushroom is commonly known as the mushroom of immortality, as it has been used for many millennia in Chinese medicine to various diseases and therefore prolong life \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK92757\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) A Medicinal Mushroom\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/316950295_Antitubercular_Activity_of_Mycelium-Associated_Ganoderma_Lanostanoids\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e 2]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bioactive constituents that have been found to hold medicinal properties within the Reishi mushroom are mainly Lanostane-type triterpinoids and polysaccharides such as beta-glucans. These are considered as potent agents for enhancing the immune system, as well as having high antioxidant and anti-microbial capacities \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK92757\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) A Medicinal Mushroom\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.dl.begellhouse.com\/journals\/708ae68d64b17c52,5d7e3270003d02bf,6a2db231456631ee.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (aphyllophoromycetideae): A review\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e3]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation. When consumed, the mushroom shows to have hypnotic\/sedative type effects, which explains why the mushroom has also been used to treat restlessness, palpitation and insomnia in China for hundreds of years \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17383716\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[4\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378874111008981?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e5]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about Reishi mushroom and other functional mushrooms, follow this \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003e\u003cu\u003elink \u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto read our latest blogs \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003eTake it easy with Life Cykel's Reishi Mushroom Powder.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDirections: \u003c\/strong\u003eAdd one tsp (3g) to 240ml of hot water, coffee, smoothies or desired \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/recipes\" title=\"Mushroom recipes\"\u003erecipe\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-product-details__short-description\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServing size: \u003c\/strong\u003eOne tsp (3g), once or twice daily\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVegan friendly\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGluten free\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-GMO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePacked in Australia from imported ingredients\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reishi Mushroom 10:1 Dual Extract Powder.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailable in 50g and 100g packs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMushroom Research\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Wachtel-Galor S, Yuen J, Buswell JA, et al. (2011) Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press\/Taylor \u0026amp; Francis; 2011. Chapter 9.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e [2] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/em\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] Gao, Y; Zhou, S; Huang, M; Xu, A (2013). Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (aphyllophoromycetideae): A review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, [online] 5(3), pp.235–246.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003cem\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/em\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Cui, X.-Y., Cui, S.-Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Z.-J., Yu, B., Sheng, Z.-F., Zhang, X.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2012). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e, 139(3), pp.796–800.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e* This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e"} [{"id":92048490565,"handle":"all","title":"All","updated_at":"2019-11-13T01:35:01+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2019-02-18T10:20:43+11:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","disjunctive":false,"rules":[{"column":"variant_price","relation":"greater_than","condition":"0"},{"column":"variant_inventory","relation":"greater_than","condition":"0"},{"column":"type","relation":"not_equals","condition":"Insurance"}],"published_scope":"web"},{"id":80372269125,"handle":"frontpage","title":"Home page","updated_at":"2019-11-12T23:25:01+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2018-10-01T12:48:52+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web"},{"id":80835018821,"handle":"mushroom-powders","title":"Mushroom Powders","updated_at":"2019-11-13T01:35:01+11:00","body_html":"\u003ch1\u003eMushroom Powder as a Dietary Supplement\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDried organic mushrooms in a pure mushroom powder form to easily add to your daily drinks and recipes. The use of pure mushroom powder dates centuries ago. Primarily used in traditional eastern medicine, mushroom powders were considered a powerful treatment due to their great nutritional value and additional beneficial properties \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f7b4\/834d5a9c43bf507d04f3e4879ab3262e6de2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePositive experiences from mushroom powders resulted in increased interest in several specific types of fungi: Reishi, Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps mushrooms. The potential power of these mushroom powders is to support the functions of the human body and to have the ability to improve vital processes, which has gained them their modern nickname - \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe functional \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003emushrooms \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f7b4\/834d5a9c43bf507d04f3e4879ab3262e6de2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1\u003c\/a\u003e,\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09168451.2018.1431519?journalCode=tbbb20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Biologically functional molecules from mushroom-forming fungi\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e 2]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing mushroom powders as a natural supplement in your dietary routine can result in an enhanced amount of valuable nutrition needed for your journey of health and wellness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdetails\u003e\u003csummary\u003eRead More\u003c\/summary\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/lions-mane-mushroom-drinks-powder\" title=\"Buy Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder\"\u003eLion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion's Mane Mushroom is known for its positive effects on cognitive health \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=).+Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[3]\u003c\/a\u003e. The mushroom is seen to enhance physiological activities, such as antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Role+of+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushrooms+on+Human+Welfare+with+a+Pyramid+Model+for+Human+Health\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e [5\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Chemistry%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Health-Promoting+Properties+ofHericium+erinaceus(Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane)+Mushroom+Fruiting+Bodies+and+Mycelia+and+Their+Bioactive+Compounds\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e6\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26559695\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion's Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e7\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Comparative+studies+on+extracts+from+Hericium+erinaceus+by+different+polarity+reagents+to+gain+higher+antioxidant+activitie\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e8\u003c\/a\u003e] and neural growth \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Corallocins+A%E2%80%93C%2C+Nerve+Growth+and+Brain-De\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[4]\u003c\/a\u003e, improving memory and focus as well as enhancing your dreams and mood [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Hericium+erinaceus+Improves+Mood+and+Sleep+Disorders+in+Patients+Affected+by+Overweight+or+Obesity%3A+Could+Circulating+Pro-BDNF+and+BDNF+Be+Potential+Biomarkers\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers?\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e9]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/cordyceps-mushroom-powder-organic-free-shipping\" title=\"Buy Cordyceps Mushroom Powder\"\u003eCordyceps Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCordyceps mushroom shows to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidative activities (anti-ageing) [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0367326X10001863\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=86265\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" Abstract Full-Text HTML XML Download Download as PDF (Size:624KB) PP. 490-505 DOI: 10.4236\/aim.2018.87034 417 Downloads 816 Views Author(s) Leave a commentSanath Gamage1, Jiro Nakayama2, Yusuke Fuyuno2, Shoji Ohga1Affiliation(s) 1Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. 2Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. ABSTRACT The gastrointestinal health is very important aspect concerning human health. It refers to nutrient and vitamin absorption, food digestion and various infectious diseases. The Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris are highly enriched with cordycepin and ergosterol which are considered as anti bacterial substances. Present study finds out comparative effect of hot water extract of particular fungal material on growth of six species of gastrointestinal bacteria that belong to both aerobic and anaerobic and, consist with harmful and commensal categories. The appropriate concentration level of hot water extract of both strains was identified. The individual specific bacterial growing media were prepared and calculated; amounts of bacteria cultures were inoculated by using micro pipettes. The optical density and number of bacterial colonies were measured after 24 hours. The pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali with 2 × 10-3 g\/ml of concentration has significant effect on depleting the growth of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, L. gasseri and B. ovatus bacteria. B. longum has no significant effect by particular extract. Same type of extract of C. militaris has significantly reduced the growth of every bacteria used in this study. Hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean has significant growth retardation toward E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and L. gasseri. It has stimulated the growth of B. ovatus and B. longum which are considered as beneficial bacteria for human gut. This study shows that extracts of both mycelia include antimicrobial substances like cordycepin and ergosterol which can be used as food supplements to enhance human gut health. KEYWORDS Ophiocordyceps sinensis , Cordyceps militaris , Antibacterial Activity, Human Gut Bacteria 1. IntroductionThe wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris are important kind of medicinal fungi belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. Those are an abundant resource in nature with various biological activities and have been used extensively as a tonic and health supplement [1] . Chioza et al. reported that Paecilomyces hepiali and Hirsutella sinensis do coexist in O. sinensis. They found DNA of these fungi in both the caterpillar and fruiting bodies of natural O. sinensis. However, those isolates commonly exist in natural O. sinensis as a result of being endoparasites or epiphytes of the host insect [2] . In this study, P. hepiali and C. militaris have been used to prepare mycelial hot water extract.O. sinensis is a macro fungus of biomedical importance, contains a number of bioactive components. Many of them are biological response modifiers which activate our immune systems for a multitude of defensive functions. The immunomodulating effects are associated with its antitumor activity [1] and lower fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin improve oral glucose tolerance, and increase glucose-insulin index [3] . Extract of O. sinensis has inhibited hepatic fibrogenesis [4] in rats with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and reduced the weight loss, polydipsia, and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [5] . The water extract of C. militaris has reduced fasting serum glucose level and enhanced glucose utilization in skeletal muscles and improved insulin secretion in rats [6] . The bioactive constituents of particular fungus have been extracted such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, ergosterol, mannitol, and adenosine [7] [8] . Meanwhile, various pharmacological actions of these chemical constituents have been reported, including antitumor effect, antioxidant, nephroprotective, antiapoptotic, antibacterial properties and inflammatory effects [1] which are the most proverbial effect of O. sinensis and C. militaris.The effect of O. sinensis and C. militaris may be caused by a single active ingredient or by the combined action of many active agents that existed in the extractions. Research is necessary to get an overview about the genus Ophiocordyceps and Cordyceps because of the increasing interest both for medicine and mycology [9] [10] . This study has been observed pharmacological actions of the P. hepiali and C. militaris for its significant role in the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various bacterial diseases.Gastrointestinal BacteriaColonization of the gastrointestinal tract of newborn infants starts immediately after birth and occurs within a few days. Pioneer bacteria can modulate expression of genes in host epithelial cells [11] thus creating a favorable habitat for themselves, and can prevent growth of other bacteria introduced later in the ecosystem. The composition of the gut bacteria community in the stomach and colon is distinctive, which is mainly due to different physicochemical conditions, such as intestinal motility, pH value, redox condition, nutrients and host secretions. Additionally, they can be influenced by many factors, such as the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits and lifestyle [12] [13] .Generally around 400 species of bacteria have evolved and adapted to live and grow in the human intestine. The large intestine contains a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem with high densities of living bacteria, which achieve concentrations of up to 1011 or 1012 cells\/g of luminal contents [14] . The genera Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Clostridium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Ruminococcus are predominant in human beings, whereas aerobes (facultative anaerobes) such as Escherichia, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Proteus, etc. are among the subdominant genera [15] . Bacteria can supply essential nutrients, synthesize vitamin K, aid in the digestion of cellulose, and promote angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. They produce a wide spectrum of enzymes that, being reductive and hydrolytic in nature, are actively involved in many processes in the colon, such as carbohydrate and protein fermentation, bile acid and steroid transformation, metabolism of xenobiotic substances, as well as the activation and destruction of potential mutagenic metabolites [12] [16] . Nitroreductase, azoreductase, N-oxide and sulfoxide reductase are the most extensively investigated reductive enzymes, while glucosidase and glucronidase are the most extensively studied hydrolytic enzymes [14] .Some of these bacteria are potential pathogens and can be a source of infection and sepsis under some circumstances for instance when the integrity of the bowel barrier is physically or functionally breached. However, the constant interaction between the host and its microbial guests can infer important health benefits to the human host. Other hand, management of microbiota in the gut is crucial specially reducing pathogenic bacteria [17] .This study has been focused on utilization of fungal material of O. sinensis and C. militaris as food supplements and evaluation of the antibacterial activities of six species of bacteria which are categorized as commensal and pathogenic have been done. The fungal extract or synthesized drug from particular fungi can be used as prebiotic for target bacteria or symbiotic with ameliorated bacteria strains and also used as a selective inhibitor towards harmful bacteria.2. Materials and Methods2.1. Fungal StrainThe P. hepiali strain which used in this study was originally brought from Jilin Agricultural University, China and assigned to accession number KUMB1081 and C. militaris assigned to accession number KUMB1061 in the mushroom culture bank at the Laboratory of Forest Production Control, Kyushu University.2.2. Bacterial StrainThe strains which have been used this experiment and the places where bacterial strains were originally brought have been shown in Table 1.2.3. Culture Condition and Media PreparationThe E. faecalis, S. aureus and E. coli were grown in LB broth (Difco) at 37˚C. Culture media of the E. coli was shaken to provide optimum growing condition. Other strains have been incubated at 37˚C. Colony counting was done by using agar powder (Waco) ameliorated LB broth. The L. gasseri, B. longum and B. ovatus have been cultured in GAM broth (Nissui) at 37˚C. Those strains have been provided anaerobiosis conditions by using anaeropack (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc.). The cell enumerations have been carried out on modified GAM media which agar powder (Waco) was ameliorated to the media (24 hours at 37˚C).Two different types of hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris were prepared. Two flaks with 500 ml of potato dextrose broth (Difco) were prepared according to company instruction. Meanwhile, oil removed soy bean, wheat brand and distilled water were mixed at a ratio of 4:1:2 and put in to polypropylene bags. Both flaks and both bags were autoclaved at 121˚C for 30 minutes. After overnight cooling, a 5 mm diameter agar plugs with actively growing mycelium of both fungal strains were inoculated in to each potato dextrose broth and soy bean media. Those media were incubated under 25˚C for 20 days. Potato dextrose broth was used for obtain pure mycelia of both fungal strains. Day 20, both types of cultures have reached appropriate amount of mycelia. Liquid media were filtered (Advantec, 0.45 μm) and mycelial mats were collected. Mycelia were dried for 12 hours at 50˚C. From each strain, 5 g of pure mycelia were collected by following same method for few flasks and mycelia chopped by using electrical blender. When they broken in to small pieces, 500 ml of water was added and continue more few minutes. This mixture was boiled 3 hours and residual were filtered by using Advantec vacuum filter unit with 0.45 μm filter papers at first. Then 0.2 μm filter papers were used for obtaining more purified extract. Rotary evaporator was used to evaporate excess water from extract for concentrate the solution up to 2 × 10−3 g\/ml. Pycnometer (specific gravity bottle) method was used measuring the concentrations of the extracts. Then severalTable 1. Information of bacterial strains (accession number and origin).levels of concentrations were prepared by adding required amount of water. Both strains which were fully colonized on soy bean media were dried as above method and 50 g were collected. Compared to pure mycelia, soy bean media includes many substances which are removed at filtration process. That’s why 50 g of soy bean media was taken and they were broken in to small parts by using blender. Then 500 ml of water were added in to blender and continue more few minutes. Same procedure was continued for making concentrated hot water extract.2.4. Experiment Set up2.5. Statistical AnalysisThe analyses were done using Minitab 18 statistical software (Minitab Inc.) and Microsoft Excel. Identification of statistical differences within treatments was done by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. All the analyses were done with 0.05 significance levels. All graphs are presented with standard error bars.3. Results and DiscussionThe identification of antibacterial effect expressed by hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris was done. The limited spectrum of antibacterial activity of the aqueous extracts has been compared with the control. It was hard to justify since all the extracts contained the metabolites, though not in the same proportions. As shown in Table 2, effective concentration of extract was evaluated for further experiment by using both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains. Nutritional requirements of higher fungi play critical role in production of mycelia in submerged cultures. It has been found that medium constituents strongly affect chemical composition, structure and productivity [19] [20] . Mycelial biomass is one of the useful product containing various bioactive compounds, production yield of mycelial biomass should be simultaneously considered in the processes of submerged culture of P. hepiali and C. militaris.3.1. Effect of Concentration Levels on Bacterial GrowthThe clue was given by the result shown in Table 2 that extract of P. hepiali has anti bacterial effect. The bacterial growth of E. coli and L. gasseri in every concentration level show less growth compared with its own controls in terms of optical density of 600 nm [13] [21] . Suggestion can be made as the extracts have one or more antibacterial compound that has been dissolved. It has been reported the active components of Cordyceps and O. sinensis are peptides, a glycoprotein, DNase [3] , adenosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, cordycepin [22] .The inner cellular material of the both mycelium of P. hepiali and C. militaris are important for inhibit bacterial growth. As expected, high concentration has high effect on bacterial growth inhibition. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains were responded with growth retardations. It has been reported that high concentration of extract provided significant effect on bacterial inhibition [23] . The concentration of 2 × 10−3 g\/ml has shown significantly lower bacterial growth compared with other low concentration levels in terms of OD 600 nm. In this study, 2 × 10−3 g\/ml of concentration has been used for further treatments.The bacterial growths of selected six types of bacteria in the presence of pure mycelial hot water extract of P. hepiali and C. militaris have been shown in Table 3. Control plots of each bacterial strain have been represented its growth without adding any extract.Table 2. This table represents four different concentration levels of pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali effect on two different bacterial strains. The values in last four columns represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. Values in the same column and its own control column with different letters differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Table 3. This table represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on six different bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. Values in the same row with different letters differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).It has been reported that cordycepin mainly dissolved in submerged cultures [24] , referring to extract preparation of this study extracellular secretions in submerged culture has been filtered and completely wash away. The mycelia with remaining intracellular substances were used for extract preparation. It has been suggested that antibacterial substances can be found inner cellular part of mycelia as well. That might be cordycepin or ergosterol. As for the extracellular polysaccharides from mycelial cultures of Cordyceps, different constituents have been demonstrated according to species and culture conditions [24] [25] .3.2. Effect on Aerobic Bacterial GrowthEven though inside of gut consist with lack of oxygen environment, there are so many type of facultative anaerobes bacteria. The effects of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on aerobic bacteria have been shown in Figure 1.The inhibition effect done by extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris was not a selective effect on specific bacterial strain but the strength of inhibition was different among bacteria strain and between two extracts. Pure mycelial hot water extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris have significant effect of bacterial growth inhibition towards E. coli, E. faecalis and S. aureus.3.3. Effect on Anaerobic Bacterial GrowthThe human gut accommodates hundred of anaerobic bacteria as well. Out of them, growth of three selected bacterial strain at the presence of hot water extracts of pure mycelia has been presented in Figure 2.The inhibition effect done by pure mycelial extracts of P. hepiali was represented a selective effect on specific bacteria. Particular extract has no anyFigure 1. This graph represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on three different aerobic bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same bacterial strain that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Figure 2. This graph represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on three different anaerobic bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same bacterial strain that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).significant effect on growth inhibition of B. lonum strain. Meanwhile, extract of C. militaris has significnly inhibited bacterial growth of every selected strain in terms of OD 600 nm measurements.Even though extracellular polymeric substances washed away from pure mycelial hot water extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris, when the mycelia submerged culture was filtered and cleaned, active compound has still been remained to inhibit bacterial growth. There were some extracellular polymeric substances which have strong biological activities as detected from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps [19] [20] . In this regard, much attention was given to prepare hot water extract with active compound from both extracellular and inner cellular parts and, soy bean solid growing media was selected.3.4. Effect on Bacterial Growth of Hot Water Extract of C. militaris Grown on Soy Bean MediaIt was generally accepted that mycelia of many different mushrooms and entomopathogenic fungi can be grown, to some extent, on a wide range of carbon sources [24] [26] . However, the nutriant source yielding maximum growth differs from species to species. C. militaris has been investigated in this study utilizing soy bean as the preferred major nutriant source. The omission of nitrogen in the medium greatly affects fungal growth and metabolite production. Nitrogen source may be supplied to media in the form of ammonia, nitrate, or as organic compounds, such as amino acids or proteins. In comparison with organic nitrogen sources, inorganic nitrogen sources often yield relatively lower mycelial biomass production than organic sources [27] [28] .The soybean steep powder and tryptone were more efficient for mycelial growth and also enhancements obtained from using the organic sources of nitrogen may indeed not only reflect the form that the nitrogen is in, but also the fact that other non nitrogen components could play a role in the improvements [29] .The bacterial strains which belong to aerobic and anaerobic categories were treated by hot water extract of C. militaris which has been cultivated on soy bean media. The growth inhibition effect was messured as OD 600 nm absorbtion and colony count method as shown in Table 4.As graphically shown in Figure 3, hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean significantly effect on growth retardation of S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. gasseri. Mean while, B. ovatus and B. longum have grown in hot water extract treated media at a high bacteria density compared to its controls.The colony count method was followed to obtain visual detection of the effect after optical density measurements. Colony count measurements of the bacterial cultures after 24 hours of inoculation have been presented in Figure 4. Serial dilution method was followed with 0.01 dilution factor. Hot water extract of C. militaris grown on soy bean has significant effect on growth retardation of S. aureus and E. coli. In terms of colony count there was no any significant growth retardation of bacterial strains of E. faecalis, L. gasseri, B. ovatus and B. longum.It has been identified that the active compounds as cordycepin and ergosterol which are correspondent to the antibacterial effect [13] . The cordycepin was firstTable 4. This table represents the effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media towards six different bacterial strains. The values in second and third columns represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values and fourth and fifth columns represent every mean ± SD of colony count done at 24 hours after inoculations. Values of OD 600 and colony count share different letters with their own control are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Figure 3. This graph represents the effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media towards six different bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same column that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).isolated from C. militaris and its structural formula was confirmed as 3'-deoxyadenosine [30] . Cordycepin is the most considerable adenosine analogue from some Cordyceps [31] , which is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine. It was later found to be present in small amounts in O. sinensis. The cordycepin is a category of compounds that exhibits significant therapeutic potential and has many intracellular targets, including nucleic acid, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It has been reported that the variety of molecular mechanisms thatFigure 4. This figure represents the appearance and density of colonies of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media has been shown compared with colony growth of their own control. Dilution factor was 0.01 (10−2). Numbers on the dishes represented level of dilution (1). 10−4 folds dilution (2). 10−6 folds dilution (3). 10−8 folds dilution.mediate the pharmacological effects of cordycepin. Besides, they deem that cordycepin can participate in various molecular processes in cells because of its similarity with adenosine [8] . Cordycepin is a broad spectrum biocidal compound possessing not only antitumor activity but also antibacteria, antivirus, and insecticidal activities [9] . It was confirmed as a marker for C. militaris within the content profiles of nucleosides in Cordyceps product [32] . Cordycepin could be an attractive therapeutic candidate with oral activity against I\/R-associated heart diseases such as myocardial infarction [1] and also it is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine [33] . Cordycepin can intensively regulate the functions of human immune cells in vitro [34] . It has stimulated the release of some cytokines of resting PBMCs and influenced proliferation of PBMCs and transcription factors in THP-1 cell line.The researchers have shown that cordycepin is generally present in solid substrate grown Cordyceps, but not in liquid cultured Cordyceps. The presence or absence of cordycepin is dependent upon many factors, including the method of mycelial culture [24] . In this study hot water extract of C. militaris grown on soy bean solid media has some sort of beneficial effect in terms of human gut health because compared with pure mycelial extract; soy bean extract has inhibited few harmful bacterial strains while stimulating beneficial bacterial growth.The ergosterol content in C. sinensis has been determined with HPLC method and high yield has been obtained. The ergosterol is a characteristic of fungi sterol, an important source of vitamin D2 and existed in free and combined states [35] . It is an important raw material in the production of steroid hormone drugs and food, feed, and pharmaceutical raw material [36] . The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of ergosterol have been proven. It possesses weak cytotoxicity against HL-60 and BEL-7402 cell lines and moderate antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa and the fungus C. albicans [12] . Genetically modified strains which biosynthesis high yield of ergosterol can be produced [37] .Adenosine is a major nucleoside in Cordyceps and plays an important role in biochemical process in the organism [1] . The content of adenosine is much higher in cultured C. sinensis than in the natural one. Among them, cultured C. sinensis has a large number of adenosines, which are much higher than those in cultured C. militaris [38] . Nucleotide named AMP can be degraded to adenosine and the source of inosine in natural C. sinensis may be the oxidative deamination of adenosine.The soy bean media which C. militaris has actively been grown or its hot water extract can be used as a prebiotic. Because it includes food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth, activity, or both of B. ovatus and B. longum bacterial species already resident in the colon. Moreover, fully colonized soy bean media of C. militaris can be used as method of synbiotics microflora management, in which probiotics and prebiotics are used in combination. C. militaris grown on soy bean media can be used for conjunction with B. ovatus and B. longum strains. This combination could improve the survival of the probiotic organism, because its specific substrate is readily available for its fermentation [39] . Among the various human intestinal microorganisms, bifidobacteria are often taken as useful indicators of human health under most environmental conditions, on the basis that they play important roles in metabolism such as amino acid and vitamin production, aid defense against infection, are associated with longevity, antitumor activity, pathogen inhibition, improvement of lactose tolerance of milk products, and immune potentiation.The selective growth inhibitors play important role of understanding of the biochemical or molecular mechanisms of the bacterial infection and prevention of human diseases. It would be desirable to both inhibit the growth of potential pathogens and increase the numbers of bifidobacteria in the human gut. Selective growth promoters for bifidobacteria or inhibitors for harmful bacteria are especially important for human health, because intake of these extract may normalize functions that result in the prevention of diseases caused by pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract [13] . However, human gastrointestinal tract is a complex and hostile environment, it appears unlikely that a few probiotic bacterial strain capable of influencing the microbial ecology of the host and of beneficially affecting lactose intolerance, the incidence of diarrhea, mucosal immune responses, blood cholesterol concentrations, and the induction of cancer.4. ConclusionThe P. hepiali and C. militaris derived materials intake would be expected to alter the growth and composition of the intestinal flora and modulate the genesis of potentially harmful agents, thus maintaining optimal human health. On the basis of our data and earlier findings, inhibitory action of hot water extracts of P. hepiali and C. militaris toward the S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. gasseri used without any adverse effect on bifidobacteria used may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of P. hepiali and C. militaris. It is noteworthy that C. militaris has a more potent activity than the much more expensive C. sinensis. The natural resources of the P. hepiali and C. militaris are diminishing, and it is feasible to artificially cultivation of the fruiting bodies. Thus, it would be important to find out if both Cordyceps species possess similar activities. The bioactive constituents with potential therapeutic value which belongs to both P. hepiali and C. militaris should be isolated. Additionally, cordycepin may also have potential in the preservation of food and selective media for the propagation of bifidobacteria. New methods and technologies need to be adopted to extract and analyze the components, requiring evaluation along the modern scientific line. Discoveries are needed about these special creatures to harvest its value for development of mankind. More researches have to be made on the herbal-medicinal and therapeutic values of O. sinensis and C. militaris species.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.Cite this paper Gamage, S. , Nakayama, J. , Fuyuno, Y. and Ohga, S. (2018) The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. Advances in Microbiology, 8, 490-505. doi: 10.4236\/aim.2018.87034. References [1]\tLiu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, X. and Han, C. (2015) The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, Article ID 575063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/575063 [2]\tChioza, A. and Ohga, S. (2014) A Review on Fungal Isolates Reported as Anamorphs of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Journal of Mycology, 2014, Article ID 913917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/913917 [3]\tZhang, G., Huang, Y., Bian, Y., Wong, J.H., Ng, T.B. and Wang, H. (2006) Hypoglycemic Activity of the Fungi Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Tricholoma mongolicum, and Omphalia lapidescens in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72, 1152-1156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-006-0411-9 [4]\tZhang, W., Yang, J., Chen, J., Hou, Y. and Han, X. (2004) Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Effects of Exopolysaccharide Fraction (EPSF) from a Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis Fungus on Tumor-Bearing Mice. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 42, 9-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BA20040183 [5]\tLo, H.C., Tu, S.T., Lin, K.C. and Lin, S.C. (2004) The Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of the Fruiting Body of Cordyceps in Diabetic Rats Induced by Nicotinamide and Streptozotocin. Life Sciences, 74, 2897-2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.11.003 [6]\tChoi, S.B., Park, C.H., Choi, M.K., Jun, D.W. and Park, S. (2004) Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion by Water Extracts of Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces tenuipes in 90% Pancreatectomized Rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 68, 2257-2264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.68.2257 [7]\tYue, K., Ye, M., Zhou, Z., Sun, W. and Lin, X. (2013) The Genus Cordyceps: A Chemical and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 65, 474-493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x [8]\tTuli, H.S., Sharma, A.K., Sandhu, S.S. and Kashyap, D. (2013) Cordycepin: A Bioactive Metabolite with Therapeutic Potential. Life Sciences, 93, 863-869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.030 [9]\tIkeda, R., Nishimura, M., Sun, Y., Wada, M. and Nakashima, K. (2008) Simple HPLC-UV Determination of Nucleosides and Its Application to the Authentication of Cordyceps and Its Allies. Biomedical Chromatography, 22, 630-636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmc.980 [10]\tGuan, J., Zhao, J., Feng, K., Hu, D.J. and Li, S.P. (2011) Comparison and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Natural and Cultured Cordyceps Using Saccharide Mapping. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399, 3465-3474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-010-4396-y [11]\tHooper, L.V., Wong, M.H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P.G. and Gordon, J.I. (2001) Molecular Analysis of Commensal Host-Microbial Relationships in the Intestine. Science, 291, 881-884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.291.5505.881 [12]\tZhang, Y.J., Li, S., Gan, R.Y., Zhou, T., Xu, D.P. and Li, H.B. (2015) Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 7493-7519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms16047493 [13]\tAhn, Y.J., Park, S.J., Lee, S.G., Shin, S.C. and Choi, D.H. (2000) Cordycepin: Selective Growth Inhibitor Derived from Liquid Culture of Cordyceps militaris against Clostridium spp. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 2744-2748. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10898616 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf990862n [14]\tYang, L. (2008) Biorelevant Dissolution Testing of Colon-Specific Delivery Systems Activated by Colonic Microflora. Review. Journal of Controlled Release, 125, 77-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.10.026 [15]\tMitsuoka, T. (1992) The Human Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Wood, B.J.B., Eds., The Lactic Acid Bacteria, Vol. 1, Springer, Boston, M. https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9781461535225 [16]\tSavage, D.C. (1986) Gastrointestinal Microflora in Mammalian Nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 6, 155-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.001103 [17]\tGuarner, F. and Malagelada, J.R. (2003) Gut Flora in Health and Disease. The Lancet, 361, 512-519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12489-0 [18]\tWalker, D.K. and Gilliland, S.E. (1993) Relationships among Bile Tolerance, Bile Salt Deconjugation, and Assimilation of Cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 956-961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77422-6 [19]\tWagner, R., Mitchell, D.A., Sassaki, G.L. and Amazonas, M.A.L.A. (2004) Links between Morphology and Physiology of Ganodrma lucidum in Submerged Culture for the Production of Exopolysaccharide. Journal of Biotechnology, 114, 153-164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2004.06.013 [20]\tHsieh, C., Hsu, T.H. and Yang, F.C. (2005) Production of Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum (CCRC36021) by Reusing Thin Stillage. Process Biochemistry, 40, 909-916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2004.02.004 [21]\tNg, T.B. and Wang, H.X. (2005) Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps, a Prized Folk Medicine. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57, 1509-1519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1211\/jpp.57.12.0001 [22]\tHuang, Y.L., Leu, S.F., Liu, B.C., Sheu, C.C. and Huang, B.M. (2004) In Vivo Stimulatory Effect of Cordyceps sinensis Mycelium and Its Fractions on Reproductive Functions in Male Mouse. Life Sciences, 75, 1051-1062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.01.029 [23]\tLiu, N., Chen, X.G., Park, H.J., Liu, C.G., Liu, C.S., Meng, X.H. and Yu, L.J. (2006) Effect of MW and Concentration of Chitosan on Antibacterial Activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64, 60-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.10.028 [24]\tKim, H.O. and Yun, J.W. (2005) A Comparative Study on the Production of Exopolysaccharides between Two Entomopathogenic Fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in Submerged Mycelial Cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99, 728-739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02682.x [25]\tSong, C.H., Jeon, Y.J., Yang, B.K., Ra, K.S. and Sung, J.M. (1998) The Anti-Complementary Activity of Exo-Polymers Produced from Submerged Mycelial Cultures of Higher Fungi with Particular Reference to Cordyceps militaris. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 8, 536-539. http:\/\/www.koreascience.or.kr\/article\/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1MBA4_1998_v8n5_536 [26]\tYang, F.C., Huang, H.C. and Yang, M.J. (2003) The Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Mycelial Growth of Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Cultures. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 33, 395-402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0141-0229(03)00136-4 [27]\tHwang, H.J., Kim, S.W., Xu, C.P., Choi, J.W. and Yun, J.W. (2003) Production and Molecular Characteristics of Four Groups of Exopolysaccharides from Submerged Culture of Phellinus gilvus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94, 708-719. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12631207 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01903.x [28]\tKim, S.W., Xu, C.P., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Kim, C.W. and Yun, J.W. (2003) Production and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from an Entomopathogenic Fungus Cordyceps militaris NG3. Biotechnology Progress, 19, 428-435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bp025644k [29]\tXiao, J.H., Chen, D.X., Liu, J.W., Wan, W.H., Fang, N., Xiao, Y., Qi, Y. and Liang, Z.Q. (2004) Optimization of Submerged Culture Requirements for the Production of Mycelial Growth and Exopolysaccharide by Cordyceps jiangxiensis JXPJ 0109. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 1105-1116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02235.x [30]\tYang, F.Q., Li, D.Q., Feng, K., Hu, D.J. and Li, S.P. (2010) Determination of Nucleotides, Nucleosides and Their Transformation Products in Cordyceps by Ion-Pairing Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217, 5501-5510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.06.062 [31]\tPaterson, R.R.M. (2008) Cordyceps—A Traditional Chinese Medicine and Another Fungal Therapeutic Biofactory? Phytochemistry, 69, 1469-1495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.01.027 [32]\tXiao, J.H., Qi, Y. and Xiong, Q. (2013) Nucleosides, a Valuable Chemical Marker for Quality Control in Traditional Chinese Medicine Cordyceps. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 7, 153-166. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24001090 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1872208311307020007 [33]\tQian, G.M., Pan, G.F. and Guo, J.Y. (2012) Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Cordymin, a Peptide Purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis. Natural Product Research, 26, 2358-2362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2012.658800 [34]\tZhou, X., Luo, L., Dressel, W., Shadier, G., Krumbiegel, D., Schmidtke, P., Zepp, F. and Meyer, C.U. (2008) Cordycepin Is an Immunoregulatory Active Ingredient of Cordyceps sinensis. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 36, 967-980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0192415X08006387 [35]\tLi, Y.H. and Li, X.L. (1991) Determination of Ergosterol in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps Black-Bone Chicken Capsules by HPLC. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 26, 768-771. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1823719 [36]\tKitchawalit, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Kanokmedhakul, S. and Soytong, K. (2014) A New Benzyl Ester and Ergosterol Derivatives from the Fungus Gymnoascus reessii. Natural Product Research, 28, 1045-1051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2014.903478 [37]\tRajput, S.B. and Karuppayil, S.M. (2013) Small Molecules Inhibit Growth, Viability and Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Springer Plus, 2, 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2193-1801-2-26 [38]\tYang, F.Q., Ge, L., Yong, J.W.H., Tan, S.N. and Li, S.P. (2009) Determination of Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Different Species of Cordyceps by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 50, 307-314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2009.04.027 [39]\tVinderola, C.G. and Reinheimer, J.A. (2003) Lactic Acid Starter and Probiotic Bacteria: A Comparative ‘‘in Vitro’’ Study of Probiotic Characteristics and Biological Barrier Resistance. Food Research International, 36, 895-904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0963-9969(03)00098-X \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e12\u003c\/a\u003e], the mushroom also has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24231073\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e11\u003c\/a\u003e] and improves your endurance to prolonged and high intensity exercise [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e13\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27408987\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=).+Effect+of+Polysaccharide+from+Cordyceps+militaris+(Ascomycetes)+on+Physical+Fatigue+Induced+by+Forced+Swimming\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Effect of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) on Physical Fatigue Induced by Forced Swimming\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e15]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/reishi-powder\" title=\"Buy Reishi Mushroom Powder\"\u003eReishi Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe constituents within Reishi mushroom help to enhance anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and immunomodulating activities [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00973\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e16\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ben\/cpb\/2016\/00000017\/00000003\/art00010?crawler=true\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24386913\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. The mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24386913\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17383716\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e19\u003c\/a\u003e]. The positive experience of the usage of Reishi mushroom powder in Asian culture has helped Reishi become a symbol of longevity, balance and well-being of the mind, body and spirit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eMushroom Powder Dosage\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion’s Mane, Cordyceps and Reishi mushroom powder dosage as a daily supplement should be 1 tsp once or twice a day. Mushroom powders are easy and convenient to use, simply add the mushroom powder to coffee, smoothies, water, tea or use it in your favourite recipes. Click \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/recipes\" title=\"Mushroom Recipes\"\u003e\u003cu\u003ehere\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e to view some of our delicious mushroom recipes for some inspiration!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you want to buy Lion’s Mane, Cordyceps or Reishi mushroom powder, Australia’s best organic mushroom powders, you are in the perfect place, browse our collection of mushroom powders below\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e To delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about functional mushrooms, follow this \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003e\u003cu\u003elink \u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto read our latest blogs.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[1] Bilal, A.W., R, H.B. and A, H.W. (2010). Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Medicinal Plants Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 4(24), pp.2598–2604.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[2] Choi, J.-H. (2018). Biologically functional molecules from mushroom-forming fungi. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 82(3), pp.372–382.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[3] Lai, P.-L., Naidu, M., Sabaratnam, V., Wong, K.-H., David, R.P., Kuppusamy, U.R., Abdullah, N. and Malek, S.N.A. (2013). Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 15(6), pp.539–554.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[4] Wittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[5] Chang, S.-T. and Wasser, S.P. (2012). The Role of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms on Human Welfare with a Pyramid Model for Human Health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 14(2), pp.95–134.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [6] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[7] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [8] JIANG, S., WANG, Y. and ZHANG, X. (2016). Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eExperimental and Therapeutic Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 12(1), pp.513–517.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[9] Das, S.K., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A. and Sakakibara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFitoterapia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 81(8), pp.961–968.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[10] Ko and Leung. Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin Med. 2007. Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[11] Gamage, S., Nakayama, J., Fuyuno, Y. and Ohga, S. (2018). The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePaecilomyces hepiali \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCordyceps militaris\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdvances in Microbiology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 08(07), pp.490–505.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[12] Kim, S.B., Ahn, B., Kim, M., Ji, H.-J., Shin, S.-K., Hong, I.P., Kim, C.Y., Hwang, B.Y. and Lee, M.K. (2014). Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 151(1), pp.478–484.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [13] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[14] Cilerdzic, J., Stajic, M. and Vukojevic, J. (2016). Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCurrent Pharmaceutical Biotechnology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(3), pp.275–282.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[15] Wang, C.-H., Hsieh, S.-C., Wang, H.-J., Chen, M.-L., Lin, B.-F., Chiang, B.-H. and Lu, T.-J. (2014). Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 62(3), pp.634–641.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[16] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003c\/details\u003e","published_at":"2018-10-03T17:13:28+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web","image":{"created_at":"2018-10-03T17:17:02+10:00","alt":"","width":2000,"height":1602,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/collections\/Powder_Chaga.png?v=1570769090"}}]$29.95 AUD
Fantastic Fungi Triple Pack
{"id":4200394817605,"title":"Fantastic Fungi Triple Pack","handle":"fantastic-fungi-triple-pack","description":"\u003ch4\u003eBuy 3 of our powders for a $10 discount!\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTake advantage of our fabulous triple pack which includes the following mushroom powders: Lion's Mane, Cordyceps \u0026amp; Reishi.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll Australian Certified Organic \u0026amp; Vegan Friendly\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eLion's Mane\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion's Mane Mushroom has a long history of usage in traditional Chinese medicine for its positive effects on cognitive health [1]. This mushroom is rich in bioactive components, such as beta-glucans, which are responsible for some important physiological activities [2], this includes antioxidant, anti- inflammatory activities [3, 4] and neural growth [5], improving memory and focus as well as enhancing your dreams and mood [6].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom 10:1 Dual extract powder.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCordyceps\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCordyceps mushroom is an extraordinary mushroom, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat fatigue, low libido and kidney disease [7]. More recent research of the bioactive compounds, in particular cordycepin, show to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidative (anti-ageing) activities [8], as well as having beneficial effects on lipid metabolism [9] and improving your endurance to prolonged and high intensity exercise [10, 11].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cordyceps Militaris 10:1 Dual extract powder.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReishi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor many millennia the Reishi mushroom has been used to treat a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and insomnia, mainly in Asian culture [12]. The Lanostane-type triterpinoids are a key constituent of the mushroom that help to enhance anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and immunomodulating activities [12, 13, 14, 15]. The mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation as it shows to have hypnotic\/sedative type effects [16, 17].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServing Size\u003c\/strong\u003e: 1tsp (3g) per serve, once or twice daily.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e: Store in a cool, dry place\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMushroom Research\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Ying, C.-C. (1989). \u003cem\u003eIcons of medicinal fungi from China\u003c\/em\u003e. Beijing, China: Science Press\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] JIANG, S., WANG, Y. and ZHANG, X. (2016). Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities. \u003cem\u003eExperimental and Therapeutic Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e, 12(1), pp.513–517.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Wittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/em\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6] Vigna, L., Morelli, F., Agnelli, G.M., Napolitano, F., Ratto, D., Occhinegro, A., Di Iorio, C., Savino, E., Girometta, C., Brandalise, F. and Rossi, P. (2019). Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? \u003cem\u003eEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e, 2019, pp.1–12.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7] Ying, C.-C. (1989). \u003cem\u003eIcons of medicinal fungi from China\u003c\/em\u003e. Beijing, China: Science Press\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8] Das, S.K., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A. and Sakakibara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. \u003cem\u003eFitoterapia\u003c\/em\u003e, 81(8), pp.961–968\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[9] Kim, S.B., Ahn, B., Kim, M., Ji, H.-J., Shin, S.-K., Hong, I.P., Kim, C.Y., Hwang, B.Y. and Lee, M.K. (2014). Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e, 151(1), pp.478–484.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[10] Hirsch, K.R., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Roelofs, E.J., Trexler, E.T. and Mock, M.G. (2016). Cordyceps militarisImproves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Dietary Supplements\u003c\/em\u003e, 14(1), pp.42–53.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[11] Xu, Y.-F. (2016). Effect of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) on Physical Fatigue Induced by Forced Swimming. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, 18(12), pp.1083–1092.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e [12] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/em\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[13] Cilerdzic, J., Stajic, M. and Vukojevic, J. (2016). Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Pharmaceutical Biotechnology\u003c\/em\u003e, 17(3), pp.275–282.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[14] Wang, C.-H., Hsieh, S.-C., Wang, H.-J., Chen, M.-L., Lin, B.-F., Chiang, B.-H. and Lu, T.-J. (2014). Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e, 62(3), pp.634–641.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[15] Gao, Y; Zhou, S; Huang, M; Xu, A (2013). Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (aphyllophoromycetideae): A review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, [online] 5(3), pp.235–246. Available at:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[16] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003cem\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/em\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[17] Cui, X.-Y., Cui, S.-Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Z.-J., Yu, B., Sheng, Z.-F., Zhang, X.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2012). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e, 139(3), pp.796–800.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*These statements have not been evaluated by the TGA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2019-10-10T16:20:37+11:00","created_at":"2019-10-11T15:33:26+11:00","vendor":"Life Cykel","type":"","tags":["specials"],"price":7985,"price_min":7985,"price_max":13985,"available":true,"price_varies":true,"compare_at_price":8985,"compare_at_price_min":8985,"compare_at_price_max":8985,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":30672415555653,"title":"50g","option1":"50g","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Fantastic Fungi Triple Pack - 50g","public_title":"50g","options":["50g"],"price":7985,"weight":500,"compare_at_price":8985,"inventory_management":"shopify","barcode":""},{"id":30672415588421,"title":"100g","option1":"100g","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Fantastic Fungi Triple Pack - 100g","public_title":"100g","options":["100g"],"price":13985,"weight":500,"compare_at_price":8985,"inventory_management":"shopify","barcode":""}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/IMG_2934.png?v=1570768418","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/IMG_2835.png?v=1570768429","\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/IMG_2953.png?v=1570768439"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/products\/IMG_2934.png?v=1570768418","options":["Size"],"content":"\u003ch4\u003eBuy 3 of our powders for a $10 discount!\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTake advantage of our fabulous triple pack which includes the following mushroom powders: Lion's Mane, Cordyceps \u0026amp; Reishi.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll Australian Certified Organic \u0026amp; Vegan Friendly\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eLion's Mane\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion's Mane Mushroom has a long history of usage in traditional Chinese medicine for its positive effects on cognitive health [1]. This mushroom is rich in bioactive components, such as beta-glucans, which are responsible for some important physiological activities [2], this includes antioxidant, anti- inflammatory activities [3, 4] and neural growth [5], improving memory and focus as well as enhancing your dreams and mood [6].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLion’s Mane mushroom 10:1 Dual extract powder.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCordyceps\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCordyceps mushroom is an extraordinary mushroom, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat fatigue, low libido and kidney disease [7]. More recent research of the bioactive compounds, in particular cordycepin, show to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidative (anti-ageing) activities [8], as well as having beneficial effects on lipid metabolism [9] and improving your endurance to prolonged and high intensity exercise [10, 11].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cordyceps Militaris 10:1 Dual extract powder.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReishi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor many millennia the Reishi mushroom has been used to treat a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and insomnia, mainly in Asian culture [12]. The Lanostane-type triterpinoids are a key constituent of the mushroom that help to enhance anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and immunomodulating activities [12, 13, 14, 15]. The mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation as it shows to have hypnotic\/sedative type effects [16, 17].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eServing Size\u003c\/strong\u003e: 1tsp (3g) per serve, once or twice daily.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e: Store in a cool, dry place\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMushroom Research\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Ying, C.-C. (1989). \u003cem\u003eIcons of medicinal fungi from China\u003c\/em\u003e. Beijing, China: Science Press\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] JIANG, S., WANG, Y. and ZHANG, X. (2016). Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities. \u003cem\u003eExperimental and Therapeutic Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e, 12(1), pp.513–517.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Wittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/em\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6] Vigna, L., Morelli, F., Agnelli, G.M., Napolitano, F., Ratto, D., Occhinegro, A., Di Iorio, C., Savino, E., Girometta, C., Brandalise, F. and Rossi, P. (2019). Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? \u003cem\u003eEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e, 2019, pp.1–12.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7] Ying, C.-C. (1989). \u003cem\u003eIcons of medicinal fungi from China\u003c\/em\u003e. Beijing, China: Science Press\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8] Das, S.K., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A. and Sakakibara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. \u003cem\u003eFitoterapia\u003c\/em\u003e, 81(8), pp.961–968\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[9] Kim, S.B., Ahn, B., Kim, M., Ji, H.-J., Shin, S.-K., Hong, I.P., Kim, C.Y., Hwang, B.Y. and Lee, M.K. (2014). Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e, 151(1), pp.478–484.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[10] Hirsch, K.R., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Roelofs, E.J., Trexler, E.T. and Mock, M.G. (2016). Cordyceps militarisImproves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Dietary Supplements\u003c\/em\u003e, 14(1), pp.42–53.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[11] Xu, Y.-F. (2016). Effect of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) on Physical Fatigue Induced by Forced Swimming. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, 18(12), pp.1083–1092.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e [12] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/em\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[13] Cilerdzic, J., Stajic, M. and Vukojevic, J. (2016). Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Pharmaceutical Biotechnology\u003c\/em\u003e, 17(3), pp.275–282.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[14] Wang, C.-H., Hsieh, S.-C., Wang, H.-J., Chen, M.-L., Lin, B.-F., Chiang, B.-H. and Lu, T.-J. (2014). Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e, 62(3), pp.634–641.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[15] Gao, Y; Zhou, S; Huang, M; Xu, A (2013). Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (aphyllophoromycetideae): A review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/em\u003e, [online] 5(3), pp.235–246. Available at:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[16] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003cem\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/em\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[17] Cui, X.-Y., Cui, S.-Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Z.-J., Yu, B., Sheng, Z.-F., Zhang, X.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2012). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e, 139(3), pp.796–800.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*These statements have not been evaluated by the TGA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.\u003c\/p\u003e"} [{"id":92048490565,"handle":"all","title":"All","updated_at":"2019-11-13T01:35:01+11:00","body_html":"","published_at":"2019-02-18T10:20:43+11:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","disjunctive":false,"rules":[{"column":"variant_price","relation":"greater_than","condition":"0"},{"column":"variant_inventory","relation":"greater_than","condition":"0"},{"column":"type","relation":"not_equals","condition":"Insurance"}],"published_scope":"web"},{"id":80835018821,"handle":"mushroom-powders","title":"Mushroom Powders","updated_at":"2019-11-13T01:35:01+11:00","body_html":"\u003ch1\u003eMushroom Powder as a Dietary Supplement\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDried organic mushrooms in a pure mushroom powder form to easily add to your daily drinks and recipes. The use of pure mushroom powder dates centuries ago. Primarily used in traditional eastern medicine, mushroom powders were considered a powerful treatment due to their great nutritional value and additional beneficial properties \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f7b4\/834d5a9c43bf507d04f3e4879ab3262e6de2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePositive experiences from mushroom powders resulted in increased interest in several specific types of fungi: Reishi, Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps mushrooms. The potential power of these mushroom powders is to support the functions of the human body and to have the ability to improve vital processes, which has gained them their modern nickname - \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe functional \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003emushrooms \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f7b4\/834d5a9c43bf507d04f3e4879ab3262e6de2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[1\u003c\/a\u003e,\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09168451.2018.1431519?journalCode=tbbb20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Biologically functional molecules from mushroom-forming fungi\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e 2]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing mushroom powders as a natural supplement in your dietary routine can result in an enhanced amount of valuable nutrition needed for your journey of health and wellness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdetails\u003e\u003csummary\u003eRead More\u003c\/summary\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/lions-mane-mushroom-drinks-powder\" title=\"Buy Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder\"\u003eLion’s Mane Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion's Mane Mushroom is known for its positive effects on cognitive health \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=).+Neurotrophic+Properties+of+the+Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane+Medicinal+Mushroom%2C+Hericium+erinaceus+(Higher+Basidiomycetes)+from+Malaysia\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[3]\u003c\/a\u003e. The mushroom is seen to enhance physiological activities, such as antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=The+Role+of+Culinary-Medicinal+Mushrooms+on+Human+Welfare+with+a+Pyramid+Model+for+Human+Health\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e [5\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Chemistry%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Health-Promoting+Properties+ofHericium+erinaceus(Lion%E2%80%99s+Mane)+Mushroom+Fruiting+Bodies+and+Mycelia+and+Their+Bioactive+Compounds\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e6\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26559695\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion's Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e7\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Comparative+studies+on+extracts+from+Hericium+erinaceus+by+different+polarity+reagents+to+gain+higher+antioxidant+activitie\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e8\u003c\/a\u003e] and neural growth \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Corallocins+A%E2%80%93C%2C+Nerve+Growth+and+Brain-De\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e[4]\u003c\/a\u003e, improving memory and focus as well as enhancing your dreams and mood [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Hericium+erinaceus+Improves+Mood+and+Sleep+Disorders+in+Patients+Affected+by+Overweight+or+Obesity%3A+Could+Circulating+Pro-BDNF+and+BDNF+Be+Potential+Biomarkers\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers?\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e9]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/cordyceps-mushroom-powder-organic-free-shipping\" title=\"Buy Cordyceps Mushroom Powder\"\u003eCordyceps Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCordyceps mushroom shows to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidative activities (anti-ageing) [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0367326X10001863\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=86265\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" Abstract Full-Text HTML XML Download Download as PDF (Size:624KB) PP. 490-505 DOI: 10.4236\/aim.2018.87034 417 Downloads 816 Views Author(s) Leave a commentSanath Gamage1, Jiro Nakayama2, Yusuke Fuyuno2, Shoji Ohga1Affiliation(s) 1Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. 2Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. ABSTRACT The gastrointestinal health is very important aspect concerning human health. It refers to nutrient and vitamin absorption, food digestion and various infectious diseases. The Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris are highly enriched with cordycepin and ergosterol which are considered as anti bacterial substances. Present study finds out comparative effect of hot water extract of particular fungal material on growth of six species of gastrointestinal bacteria that belong to both aerobic and anaerobic and, consist with harmful and commensal categories. The appropriate concentration level of hot water extract of both strains was identified. The individual specific bacterial growing media were prepared and calculated; amounts of bacteria cultures were inoculated by using micro pipettes. The optical density and number of bacterial colonies were measured after 24 hours. The pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali with 2 × 10-3 g\/ml of concentration has significant effect on depleting the growth of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, L. gasseri and B. ovatus bacteria. B. longum has no significant effect by particular extract. Same type of extract of C. militaris has significantly reduced the growth of every bacteria used in this study. Hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean has significant growth retardation toward E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and L. gasseri. It has stimulated the growth of B. ovatus and B. longum which are considered as beneficial bacteria for human gut. This study shows that extracts of both mycelia include antimicrobial substances like cordycepin and ergosterol which can be used as food supplements to enhance human gut health. KEYWORDS Ophiocordyceps sinensis , Cordyceps militaris , Antibacterial Activity, Human Gut Bacteria 1. IntroductionThe wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris are important kind of medicinal fungi belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. Those are an abundant resource in nature with various biological activities and have been used extensively as a tonic and health supplement [1] . Chioza et al. reported that Paecilomyces hepiali and Hirsutella sinensis do coexist in O. sinensis. They found DNA of these fungi in both the caterpillar and fruiting bodies of natural O. sinensis. However, those isolates commonly exist in natural O. sinensis as a result of being endoparasites or epiphytes of the host insect [2] . In this study, P. hepiali and C. militaris have been used to prepare mycelial hot water extract.O. sinensis is a macro fungus of biomedical importance, contains a number of bioactive components. Many of them are biological response modifiers which activate our immune systems for a multitude of defensive functions. The immunomodulating effects are associated with its antitumor activity [1] and lower fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin improve oral glucose tolerance, and increase glucose-insulin index [3] . Extract of O. sinensis has inhibited hepatic fibrogenesis [4] in rats with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and reduced the weight loss, polydipsia, and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [5] . The water extract of C. militaris has reduced fasting serum glucose level and enhanced glucose utilization in skeletal muscles and improved insulin secretion in rats [6] . The bioactive constituents of particular fungus have been extracted such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, ergosterol, mannitol, and adenosine [7] [8] . Meanwhile, various pharmacological actions of these chemical constituents have been reported, including antitumor effect, antioxidant, nephroprotective, antiapoptotic, antibacterial properties and inflammatory effects [1] which are the most proverbial effect of O. sinensis and C. militaris.The effect of O. sinensis and C. militaris may be caused by a single active ingredient or by the combined action of many active agents that existed in the extractions. Research is necessary to get an overview about the genus Ophiocordyceps and Cordyceps because of the increasing interest both for medicine and mycology [9] [10] . This study has been observed pharmacological actions of the P. hepiali and C. militaris for its significant role in the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various bacterial diseases.Gastrointestinal BacteriaColonization of the gastrointestinal tract of newborn infants starts immediately after birth and occurs within a few days. Pioneer bacteria can modulate expression of genes in host epithelial cells [11] thus creating a favorable habitat for themselves, and can prevent growth of other bacteria introduced later in the ecosystem. The composition of the gut bacteria community in the stomach and colon is distinctive, which is mainly due to different physicochemical conditions, such as intestinal motility, pH value, redox condition, nutrients and host secretions. Additionally, they can be influenced by many factors, such as the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits and lifestyle [12] [13] .Generally around 400 species of bacteria have evolved and adapted to live and grow in the human intestine. The large intestine contains a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem with high densities of living bacteria, which achieve concentrations of up to 1011 or 1012 cells\/g of luminal contents [14] . The genera Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Clostridium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Ruminococcus are predominant in human beings, whereas aerobes (facultative anaerobes) such as Escherichia, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Proteus, etc. are among the subdominant genera [15] . Bacteria can supply essential nutrients, synthesize vitamin K, aid in the digestion of cellulose, and promote angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. They produce a wide spectrum of enzymes that, being reductive and hydrolytic in nature, are actively involved in many processes in the colon, such as carbohydrate and protein fermentation, bile acid and steroid transformation, metabolism of xenobiotic substances, as well as the activation and destruction of potential mutagenic metabolites [12] [16] . Nitroreductase, azoreductase, N-oxide and sulfoxide reductase are the most extensively investigated reductive enzymes, while glucosidase and glucronidase are the most extensively studied hydrolytic enzymes [14] .Some of these bacteria are potential pathogens and can be a source of infection and sepsis under some circumstances for instance when the integrity of the bowel barrier is physically or functionally breached. However, the constant interaction between the host and its microbial guests can infer important health benefits to the human host. Other hand, management of microbiota in the gut is crucial specially reducing pathogenic bacteria [17] .This study has been focused on utilization of fungal material of O. sinensis and C. militaris as food supplements and evaluation of the antibacterial activities of six species of bacteria which are categorized as commensal and pathogenic have been done. The fungal extract or synthesized drug from particular fungi can be used as prebiotic for target bacteria or symbiotic with ameliorated bacteria strains and also used as a selective inhibitor towards harmful bacteria.2. Materials and Methods2.1. Fungal StrainThe P. hepiali strain which used in this study was originally brought from Jilin Agricultural University, China and assigned to accession number KUMB1081 and C. militaris assigned to accession number KUMB1061 in the mushroom culture bank at the Laboratory of Forest Production Control, Kyushu University.2.2. Bacterial StrainThe strains which have been used this experiment and the places where bacterial strains were originally brought have been shown in Table 1.2.3. Culture Condition and Media PreparationThe E. faecalis, S. aureus and E. coli were grown in LB broth (Difco) at 37˚C. Culture media of the E. coli was shaken to provide optimum growing condition. Other strains have been incubated at 37˚C. Colony counting was done by using agar powder (Waco) ameliorated LB broth. The L. gasseri, B. longum and B. ovatus have been cultured in GAM broth (Nissui) at 37˚C. Those strains have been provided anaerobiosis conditions by using anaeropack (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc.). The cell enumerations have been carried out on modified GAM media which agar powder (Waco) was ameliorated to the media (24 hours at 37˚C).Two different types of hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris were prepared. Two flaks with 500 ml of potato dextrose broth (Difco) were prepared according to company instruction. Meanwhile, oil removed soy bean, wheat brand and distilled water were mixed at a ratio of 4:1:2 and put in to polypropylene bags. Both flaks and both bags were autoclaved at 121˚C for 30 minutes. After overnight cooling, a 5 mm diameter agar plugs with actively growing mycelium of both fungal strains were inoculated in to each potato dextrose broth and soy bean media. Those media were incubated under 25˚C for 20 days. Potato dextrose broth was used for obtain pure mycelia of both fungal strains. Day 20, both types of cultures have reached appropriate amount of mycelia. Liquid media were filtered (Advantec, 0.45 μm) and mycelial mats were collected. Mycelia were dried for 12 hours at 50˚C. From each strain, 5 g of pure mycelia were collected by following same method for few flasks and mycelia chopped by using electrical blender. When they broken in to small pieces, 500 ml of water was added and continue more few minutes. This mixture was boiled 3 hours and residual were filtered by using Advantec vacuum filter unit with 0.45 μm filter papers at first. Then 0.2 μm filter papers were used for obtaining more purified extract. Rotary evaporator was used to evaporate excess water from extract for concentrate the solution up to 2 × 10−3 g\/ml. Pycnometer (specific gravity bottle) method was used measuring the concentrations of the extracts. Then severalTable 1. Information of bacterial strains (accession number and origin).levels of concentrations were prepared by adding required amount of water. Both strains which were fully colonized on soy bean media were dried as above method and 50 g were collected. Compared to pure mycelia, soy bean media includes many substances which are removed at filtration process. That’s why 50 g of soy bean media was taken and they were broken in to small parts by using blender. Then 500 ml of water were added in to blender and continue more few minutes. Same procedure was continued for making concentrated hot water extract.2.4. Experiment Set up2.5. Statistical AnalysisThe analyses were done using Minitab 18 statistical software (Minitab Inc.) and Microsoft Excel. Identification of statistical differences within treatments was done by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. All the analyses were done with 0.05 significance levels. All graphs are presented with standard error bars.3. Results and DiscussionThe identification of antibacterial effect expressed by hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris was done. The limited spectrum of antibacterial activity of the aqueous extracts has been compared with the control. It was hard to justify since all the extracts contained the metabolites, though not in the same proportions. As shown in Table 2, effective concentration of extract was evaluated for further experiment by using both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains. Nutritional requirements of higher fungi play critical role in production of mycelia in submerged cultures. It has been found that medium constituents strongly affect chemical composition, structure and productivity [19] [20] . Mycelial biomass is one of the useful product containing various bioactive compounds, production yield of mycelial biomass should be simultaneously considered in the processes of submerged culture of P. hepiali and C. militaris.3.1. Effect of Concentration Levels on Bacterial GrowthThe clue was given by the result shown in Table 2 that extract of P. hepiali has anti bacterial effect. The bacterial growth of E. coli and L. gasseri in every concentration level show less growth compared with its own controls in terms of optical density of 600 nm [13] [21] . Suggestion can be made as the extracts have one or more antibacterial compound that has been dissolved. It has been reported the active components of Cordyceps and O. sinensis are peptides, a glycoprotein, DNase [3] , adenosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, cordycepin [22] .The inner cellular material of the both mycelium of P. hepiali and C. militaris are important for inhibit bacterial growth. As expected, high concentration has high effect on bacterial growth inhibition. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains were responded with growth retardations. It has been reported that high concentration of extract provided significant effect on bacterial inhibition [23] . The concentration of 2 × 10−3 g\/ml has shown significantly lower bacterial growth compared with other low concentration levels in terms of OD 600 nm. In this study, 2 × 10−3 g\/ml of concentration has been used for further treatments.The bacterial growths of selected six types of bacteria in the presence of pure mycelial hot water extract of P. hepiali and C. militaris have been shown in Table 3. Control plots of each bacterial strain have been represented its growth without adding any extract.Table 2. This table represents four different concentration levels of pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali effect on two different bacterial strains. The values in last four columns represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. Values in the same column and its own control column with different letters differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Table 3. This table represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on six different bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. Values in the same row with different letters differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).It has been reported that cordycepin mainly dissolved in submerged cultures [24] , referring to extract preparation of this study extracellular secretions in submerged culture has been filtered and completely wash away. The mycelia with remaining intracellular substances were used for extract preparation. It has been suggested that antibacterial substances can be found inner cellular part of mycelia as well. That might be cordycepin or ergosterol. As for the extracellular polysaccharides from mycelial cultures of Cordyceps, different constituents have been demonstrated according to species and culture conditions [24] [25] .3.2. Effect on Aerobic Bacterial GrowthEven though inside of gut consist with lack of oxygen environment, there are so many type of facultative anaerobes bacteria. The effects of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on aerobic bacteria have been shown in Figure 1.The inhibition effect done by extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris was not a selective effect on specific bacterial strain but the strength of inhibition was different among bacteria strain and between two extracts. Pure mycelial hot water extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris have significant effect of bacterial growth inhibition towards E. coli, E. faecalis and S. aureus.3.3. Effect on Anaerobic Bacterial GrowthThe human gut accommodates hundred of anaerobic bacteria as well. Out of them, growth of three selected bacterial strain at the presence of hot water extracts of pure mycelia has been presented in Figure 2.The inhibition effect done by pure mycelial extracts of P. hepiali was represented a selective effect on specific bacteria. Particular extract has no anyFigure 1. This graph represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on three different aerobic bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same bacterial strain that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Figure 2. This graph represents the effect of pure mycelial hot water extracts of both P. hepiali and C. militaris on three different anaerobic bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same bacterial strain that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).significant effect on growth inhibition of B. lonum strain. Meanwhile, extract of C. militaris has significnly inhibited bacterial growth of every selected strain in terms of OD 600 nm measurements.Even though extracellular polymeric substances washed away from pure mycelial hot water extract of both P. hepiali and C. militaris, when the mycelia submerged culture was filtered and cleaned, active compound has still been remained to inhibit bacterial growth. There were some extracellular polymeric substances which have strong biological activities as detected from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps [19] [20] . In this regard, much attention was given to prepare hot water extract with active compound from both extracellular and inner cellular parts and, soy bean solid growing media was selected.3.4. Effect on Bacterial Growth of Hot Water Extract of C. militaris Grown on Soy Bean MediaIt was generally accepted that mycelia of many different mushrooms and entomopathogenic fungi can be grown, to some extent, on a wide range of carbon sources [24] [26] . However, the nutriant source yielding maximum growth differs from species to species. C. militaris has been investigated in this study utilizing soy bean as the preferred major nutriant source. The omission of nitrogen in the medium greatly affects fungal growth and metabolite production. Nitrogen source may be supplied to media in the form of ammonia, nitrate, or as organic compounds, such as amino acids or proteins. In comparison with organic nitrogen sources, inorganic nitrogen sources often yield relatively lower mycelial biomass production than organic sources [27] [28] .The soybean steep powder and tryptone were more efficient for mycelial growth and also enhancements obtained from using the organic sources of nitrogen may indeed not only reflect the form that the nitrogen is in, but also the fact that other non nitrogen components could play a role in the improvements [29] .The bacterial strains which belong to aerobic and anaerobic categories were treated by hot water extract of C. militaris which has been cultivated on soy bean media. The growth inhibition effect was messured as OD 600 nm absorbtion and colony count method as shown in Table 4.As graphically shown in Figure 3, hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean significantly effect on growth retardation of S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. gasseri. Mean while, B. ovatus and B. longum have grown in hot water extract treated media at a high bacteria density compared to its controls.The colony count method was followed to obtain visual detection of the effect after optical density measurements. Colony count measurements of the bacterial cultures after 24 hours of inoculation have been presented in Figure 4. Serial dilution method was followed with 0.01 dilution factor. Hot water extract of C. militaris grown on soy bean has significant effect on growth retardation of S. aureus and E. coli. In terms of colony count there was no any significant growth retardation of bacterial strains of E. faecalis, L. gasseri, B. ovatus and B. longum.It has been identified that the active compounds as cordycepin and ergosterol which are correspondent to the antibacterial effect [13] . The cordycepin was firstTable 4. This table represents the effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media towards six different bacterial strains. The values in second and third columns represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values and fourth and fifth columns represent every mean ± SD of colony count done at 24 hours after inoculations. Values of OD 600 and colony count share different letters with their own control are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).Figure 3. This graph represents the effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media towards six different bacterial strains. The values in each column represent every mean ± SD of OD 600 nm values measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The error bars represent standard error. Means values in the same column that do not share a letter are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05).isolated from C. militaris and its structural formula was confirmed as 3'-deoxyadenosine [30] . Cordycepin is the most considerable adenosine analogue from some Cordyceps [31] , which is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine. It was later found to be present in small amounts in O. sinensis. The cordycepin is a category of compounds that exhibits significant therapeutic potential and has many intracellular targets, including nucleic acid, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It has been reported that the variety of molecular mechanisms thatFigure 4. This figure represents the appearance and density of colonies of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains measured at 24 hours after inoculations. The effect of hot water extracts of C. militaris grown on soy bean media has been shown compared with colony growth of their own control. Dilution factor was 0.01 (10−2). Numbers on the dishes represented level of dilution (1). 10−4 folds dilution (2). 10−6 folds dilution (3). 10−8 folds dilution.mediate the pharmacological effects of cordycepin. Besides, they deem that cordycepin can participate in various molecular processes in cells because of its similarity with adenosine [8] . Cordycepin is a broad spectrum biocidal compound possessing not only antitumor activity but also antibacteria, antivirus, and insecticidal activities [9] . It was confirmed as a marker for C. militaris within the content profiles of nucleosides in Cordyceps product [32] . Cordycepin could be an attractive therapeutic candidate with oral activity against I\/R-associated heart diseases such as myocardial infarction [1] and also it is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine [33] . Cordycepin can intensively regulate the functions of human immune cells in vitro [34] . It has stimulated the release of some cytokines of resting PBMCs and influenced proliferation of PBMCs and transcription factors in THP-1 cell line.The researchers have shown that cordycepin is generally present in solid substrate grown Cordyceps, but not in liquid cultured Cordyceps. The presence or absence of cordycepin is dependent upon many factors, including the method of mycelial culture [24] . In this study hot water extract of C. militaris grown on soy bean solid media has some sort of beneficial effect in terms of human gut health because compared with pure mycelial extract; soy bean extract has inhibited few harmful bacterial strains while stimulating beneficial bacterial growth.The ergosterol content in C. sinensis has been determined with HPLC method and high yield has been obtained. The ergosterol is a characteristic of fungi sterol, an important source of vitamin D2 and existed in free and combined states [35] . It is an important raw material in the production of steroid hormone drugs and food, feed, and pharmaceutical raw material [36] . The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of ergosterol have been proven. It possesses weak cytotoxicity against HL-60 and BEL-7402 cell lines and moderate antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa and the fungus C. albicans [12] . Genetically modified strains which biosynthesis high yield of ergosterol can be produced [37] .Adenosine is a major nucleoside in Cordyceps and plays an important role in biochemical process in the organism [1] . The content of adenosine is much higher in cultured C. sinensis than in the natural one. Among them, cultured C. sinensis has a large number of adenosines, which are much higher than those in cultured C. militaris [38] . Nucleotide named AMP can be degraded to adenosine and the source of inosine in natural C. sinensis may be the oxidative deamination of adenosine.The soy bean media which C. militaris has actively been grown or its hot water extract can be used as a prebiotic. Because it includes food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth, activity, or both of B. ovatus and B. longum bacterial species already resident in the colon. Moreover, fully colonized soy bean media of C. militaris can be used as method of synbiotics microflora management, in which probiotics and prebiotics are used in combination. C. militaris grown on soy bean media can be used for conjunction with B. ovatus and B. longum strains. This combination could improve the survival of the probiotic organism, because its specific substrate is readily available for its fermentation [39] . Among the various human intestinal microorganisms, bifidobacteria are often taken as useful indicators of human health under most environmental conditions, on the basis that they play important roles in metabolism such as amino acid and vitamin production, aid defense against infection, are associated with longevity, antitumor activity, pathogen inhibition, improvement of lactose tolerance of milk products, and immune potentiation.The selective growth inhibitors play important role of understanding of the biochemical or molecular mechanisms of the bacterial infection and prevention of human diseases. It would be desirable to both inhibit the growth of potential pathogens and increase the numbers of bifidobacteria in the human gut. Selective growth promoters for bifidobacteria or inhibitors for harmful bacteria are especially important for human health, because intake of these extract may normalize functions that result in the prevention of diseases caused by pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract [13] . However, human gastrointestinal tract is a complex and hostile environment, it appears unlikely that a few probiotic bacterial strain capable of influencing the microbial ecology of the host and of beneficially affecting lactose intolerance, the incidence of diarrhea, mucosal immune responses, blood cholesterol concentrations, and the induction of cancer.4. ConclusionThe P. hepiali and C. militaris derived materials intake would be expected to alter the growth and composition of the intestinal flora and modulate the genesis of potentially harmful agents, thus maintaining optimal human health. On the basis of our data and earlier findings, inhibitory action of hot water extracts of P. hepiali and C. militaris toward the S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. gasseri used without any adverse effect on bifidobacteria used may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of P. hepiali and C. militaris. It is noteworthy that C. militaris has a more potent activity than the much more expensive C. sinensis. The natural resources of the P. hepiali and C. militaris are diminishing, and it is feasible to artificially cultivation of the fruiting bodies. Thus, it would be important to find out if both Cordyceps species possess similar activities. The bioactive constituents with potential therapeutic value which belongs to both P. hepiali and C. militaris should be isolated. Additionally, cordycepin may also have potential in the preservation of food and selective media for the propagation of bifidobacteria. New methods and technologies need to be adopted to extract and analyze the components, requiring evaluation along the modern scientific line. Discoveries are needed about these special creatures to harvest its value for development of mankind. More researches have to be made on the herbal-medicinal and therapeutic values of O. sinensis and C. militaris species.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.Cite this paper Gamage, S. , Nakayama, J. , Fuyuno, Y. and Ohga, S. (2018) The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. Advances in Microbiology, 8, 490-505. doi: 10.4236\/aim.2018.87034. References [1]\tLiu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, X. and Han, C. (2015) The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, Article ID 575063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/575063 [2]\tChioza, A. and Ohga, S. (2014) A Review on Fungal Isolates Reported as Anamorphs of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Journal of Mycology, 2014, Article ID 913917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/913917 [3]\tZhang, G., Huang, Y., Bian, Y., Wong, J.H., Ng, T.B. and Wang, H. (2006) Hypoglycemic Activity of the Fungi Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Tricholoma mongolicum, and Omphalia lapidescens in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72, 1152-1156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-006-0411-9 [4]\tZhang, W., Yang, J., Chen, J., Hou, Y. and Han, X. (2004) Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Effects of Exopolysaccharide Fraction (EPSF) from a Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis Fungus on Tumor-Bearing Mice. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 42, 9-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BA20040183 [5]\tLo, H.C., Tu, S.T., Lin, K.C. and Lin, S.C. (2004) The Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of the Fruiting Body of Cordyceps in Diabetic Rats Induced by Nicotinamide and Streptozotocin. Life Sciences, 74, 2897-2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.11.003 [6]\tChoi, S.B., Park, C.H., Choi, M.K., Jun, D.W. and Park, S. (2004) Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion by Water Extracts of Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces tenuipes in 90% Pancreatectomized Rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 68, 2257-2264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.68.2257 [7]\tYue, K., Ye, M., Zhou, Z., Sun, W. and Lin, X. (2013) The Genus Cordyceps: A Chemical and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 65, 474-493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x [8]\tTuli, H.S., Sharma, A.K., Sandhu, S.S. and Kashyap, D. (2013) Cordycepin: A Bioactive Metabolite with Therapeutic Potential. Life Sciences, 93, 863-869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.030 [9]\tIkeda, R., Nishimura, M., Sun, Y., Wada, M. and Nakashima, K. (2008) Simple HPLC-UV Determination of Nucleosides and Its Application to the Authentication of Cordyceps and Its Allies. Biomedical Chromatography, 22, 630-636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmc.980 [10]\tGuan, J., Zhao, J., Feng, K., Hu, D.J. and Li, S.P. (2011) Comparison and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Natural and Cultured Cordyceps Using Saccharide Mapping. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399, 3465-3474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-010-4396-y [11]\tHooper, L.V., Wong, M.H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P.G. and Gordon, J.I. (2001) Molecular Analysis of Commensal Host-Microbial Relationships in the Intestine. Science, 291, 881-884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.291.5505.881 [12]\tZhang, Y.J., Li, S., Gan, R.Y., Zhou, T., Xu, D.P. and Li, H.B. (2015) Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 7493-7519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms16047493 [13]\tAhn, Y.J., Park, S.J., Lee, S.G., Shin, S.C. and Choi, D.H. (2000) Cordycepin: Selective Growth Inhibitor Derived from Liquid Culture of Cordyceps militaris against Clostridium spp. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 2744-2748. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10898616 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf990862n [14]\tYang, L. (2008) Biorelevant Dissolution Testing of Colon-Specific Delivery Systems Activated by Colonic Microflora. Review. Journal of Controlled Release, 125, 77-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.10.026 [15]\tMitsuoka, T. (1992) The Human Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Wood, B.J.B., Eds., The Lactic Acid Bacteria, Vol. 1, Springer, Boston, M. https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9781461535225 [16]\tSavage, D.C. (1986) Gastrointestinal Microflora in Mammalian Nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 6, 155-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.001103 [17]\tGuarner, F. and Malagelada, J.R. (2003) Gut Flora in Health and Disease. The Lancet, 361, 512-519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12489-0 [18]\tWalker, D.K. and Gilliland, S.E. (1993) Relationships among Bile Tolerance, Bile Salt Deconjugation, and Assimilation of Cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 956-961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77422-6 [19]\tWagner, R., Mitchell, D.A., Sassaki, G.L. and Amazonas, M.A.L.A. (2004) Links between Morphology and Physiology of Ganodrma lucidum in Submerged Culture for the Production of Exopolysaccharide. Journal of Biotechnology, 114, 153-164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2004.06.013 [20]\tHsieh, C., Hsu, T.H. and Yang, F.C. (2005) Production of Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum (CCRC36021) by Reusing Thin Stillage. Process Biochemistry, 40, 909-916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2004.02.004 [21]\tNg, T.B. and Wang, H.X. (2005) Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps, a Prized Folk Medicine. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57, 1509-1519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1211\/jpp.57.12.0001 [22]\tHuang, Y.L., Leu, S.F., Liu, B.C., Sheu, C.C. and Huang, B.M. (2004) In Vivo Stimulatory Effect of Cordyceps sinensis Mycelium and Its Fractions on Reproductive Functions in Male Mouse. Life Sciences, 75, 1051-1062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.01.029 [23]\tLiu, N., Chen, X.G., Park, H.J., Liu, C.G., Liu, C.S., Meng, X.H. and Yu, L.J. (2006) Effect of MW and Concentration of Chitosan on Antibacterial Activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64, 60-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.10.028 [24]\tKim, H.O. and Yun, J.W. (2005) A Comparative Study on the Production of Exopolysaccharides between Two Entomopathogenic Fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in Submerged Mycelial Cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99, 728-739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02682.x [25]\tSong, C.H., Jeon, Y.J., Yang, B.K., Ra, K.S. and Sung, J.M. (1998) The Anti-Complementary Activity of Exo-Polymers Produced from Submerged Mycelial Cultures of Higher Fungi with Particular Reference to Cordyceps militaris. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 8, 536-539. http:\/\/www.koreascience.or.kr\/article\/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1MBA4_1998_v8n5_536 [26]\tYang, F.C., Huang, H.C. and Yang, M.J. (2003) The Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Mycelial Growth of Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Cultures. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 33, 395-402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0141-0229(03)00136-4 [27]\tHwang, H.J., Kim, S.W., Xu, C.P., Choi, J.W. and Yun, J.W. (2003) Production and Molecular Characteristics of Four Groups of Exopolysaccharides from Submerged Culture of Phellinus gilvus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94, 708-719. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12631207 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01903.x [28]\tKim, S.W., Xu, C.P., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Kim, C.W. and Yun, J.W. (2003) Production and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from an Entomopathogenic Fungus Cordyceps militaris NG3. Biotechnology Progress, 19, 428-435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bp025644k [29]\tXiao, J.H., Chen, D.X., Liu, J.W., Wan, W.H., Fang, N., Xiao, Y., Qi, Y. and Liang, Z.Q. (2004) Optimization of Submerged Culture Requirements for the Production of Mycelial Growth and Exopolysaccharide by Cordyceps jiangxiensis JXPJ 0109. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 1105-1116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02235.x [30]\tYang, F.Q., Li, D.Q., Feng, K., Hu, D.J. and Li, S.P. (2010) Determination of Nucleotides, Nucleosides and Their Transformation Products in Cordyceps by Ion-Pairing Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217, 5501-5510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.06.062 [31]\tPaterson, R.R.M. (2008) Cordyceps—A Traditional Chinese Medicine and Another Fungal Therapeutic Biofactory? Phytochemistry, 69, 1469-1495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.01.027 [32]\tXiao, J.H., Qi, Y. and Xiong, Q. (2013) Nucleosides, a Valuable Chemical Marker for Quality Control in Traditional Chinese Medicine Cordyceps. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 7, 153-166. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24001090 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1872208311307020007 [33]\tQian, G.M., Pan, G.F. and Guo, J.Y. (2012) Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Cordymin, a Peptide Purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis. Natural Product Research, 26, 2358-2362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2012.658800 [34]\tZhou, X., Luo, L., Dressel, W., Shadier, G., Krumbiegel, D., Schmidtke, P., Zepp, F. and Meyer, C.U. (2008) Cordycepin Is an Immunoregulatory Active Ingredient of Cordyceps sinensis. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 36, 967-980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0192415X08006387 [35]\tLi, Y.H. and Li, X.L. (1991) Determination of Ergosterol in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps Black-Bone Chicken Capsules by HPLC. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 26, 768-771. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1823719 [36]\tKitchawalit, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Kanokmedhakul, S. and Soytong, K. (2014) A New Benzyl Ester and Ergosterol Derivatives from the Fungus Gymnoascus reessii. Natural Product Research, 28, 1045-1051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2014.903478 [37]\tRajput, S.B. and Karuppayil, S.M. (2013) Small Molecules Inhibit Growth, Viability and Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Springer Plus, 2, 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2193-1801-2-26 [38]\tYang, F.Q., Ge, L., Yong, J.W.H., Tan, S.N. and Li, S.P. (2009) Determination of Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Different Species of Cordyceps by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 50, 307-314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2009.04.027 [39]\tVinderola, C.G. and Reinheimer, J.A. (2003) Lactic Acid Starter and Probiotic Bacteria: A Comparative ‘‘in Vitro’’ Study of Probiotic Characteristics and Biological Barrier Resistance. Food Research International, 36, 895-904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0963-9969(03)00098-X \" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e12\u003c\/a\u003e], the mushroom also has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24231073\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e11\u003c\/a\u003e] and improves your endurance to prolonged and high intensity exercise [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e13\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17386115\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27408987\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation.\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=).+Effect+of+Polysaccharide+from+Cordyceps+militaris+(Ascomycetes)+on+Physical+Fatigue+Induced+by+Forced+Swimming\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Effect of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) on Physical Fatigue Induced by Forced Swimming\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e15]\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/products\/reishi-powder\" title=\"Buy Reishi Mushroom Powder\"\u003eReishi Mushroom Powder\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe constituents within Reishi mushroom help to enhance anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and immunomodulating activities [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00973\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e16\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ben\/cpb\/2016\/00000017\/00000003\/art00010?crawler=true\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24386913\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. The mushroom is also well known for its beneficial effects on sleep and relaxation [\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24386913\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17383716\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e19\u003c\/a\u003e]. The positive experience of the usage of Reishi mushroom powder in Asian culture has helped Reishi become a symbol of longevity, balance and well-being of the mind, body and spirit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eMushroom Powder Dosage\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLion’s Mane, Cordyceps and Reishi mushroom powder dosage as a daily supplement should be 1 tsp once or twice a day. Mushroom powders are easy and convenient to use, simply add the mushroom powder to coffee, smoothies, water, tea or use it in your favourite recipes. Click \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/recipes\" title=\"Mushroom Recipes\"\u003e\u003cu\u003ehere\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e to view some of our delicious mushroom recipes for some inspiration!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you want to buy Lion’s Mane, Cordyceps or Reishi mushroom powder, Australia’s best organic mushroom powders, you are in the perfect place, browse our collection of mushroom powders below\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e To delve deeper into the world of fungi and to learn more about functional mushrooms, follow this \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/lifecykel.com\/blogs\/mushrooms\" title=\"Mushroom Blog\"\u003e\u003cu\u003elink \u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto read our latest blogs.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[1] Bilal, A.W., R, H.B. and A, H.W. (2010). Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Medicinal Plants Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 4(24), pp.2598–2604.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[2] Choi, J.-H. (2018). Biologically functional molecules from mushroom-forming fungi. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 82(3), pp.372–382.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[3] Lai, P.-L., Naidu, M., Sabaratnam, V., Wong, K.-H., David, R.P., Kuppusamy, U.R., Abdullah, N. and Malek, S.N.A. (2013). Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 15(6), pp.539–554.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[4] Wittstein, K., Rascher, M., Rupcic, Z., Löwen, E., Winter, B., Köster, R. and Stadler, M. (2016). Corallocins A–C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the MushroomHericium coralloides. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 79(9), pp.2264-2269.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[5] Chang, S.-T. and Wasser, S.P. (2012). The Role of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms on Human Welfare with a Pyramid Model for Human Health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 14(2), pp.95–134.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [6] Friedman, M. (2015). Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties ofHericium erinaceus(Lion’s Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 63(32), pp.7108–7123.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[7] Mori, K., Ouchi, K. and Hirasawa, N. (2015). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lion’s Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in a Coculture System of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and RAW264 Macrophages. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(7), pp.609–618.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [8] JIANG, S., WANG, Y. and ZHANG, X. (2016). Comparative studies on extracts from Hericium erinaceus by different polarity reagents to gain higher antioxidant activities. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eExperimental and Therapeutic Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 12(1), pp.513–517.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[9] Das, S.K., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A. and Sakakibara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFitoterapia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 81(8), pp.961–968.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[10] Ko and Leung. Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin Med. 2007. Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[11] Gamage, S., Nakayama, J., Fuyuno, Y. and Ohga, S. (2018). The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePaecilomyces hepiali \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCordyceps militaris\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdvances in Microbiology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 08(07), pp.490–505.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[12] Kim, S.B., Ahn, B., Kim, M., Ji, H.-J., Shin, S.-K., Hong, I.P., Kim, C.Y., Hwang, B.Y. and Lee, M.K. (2014). Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL\/6J mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 151(1), pp.478–484.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e [13] Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Sappan, M., Supothina, S., Vichai, V., Danwisetkanjana, K., Boonpratuang, T., Hyde, K.D. and Choeyklin, R. (2017). Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Natural Products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 80(5), pp.1361–1369.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[14] Cilerdzic, J., Stajic, M. and Vukojevic, J. (2016). Potential of Submergedly Cultivated Mycelia of Ganoderma spp. as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCurrent Pharmaceutical Biotechnology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 17(3), pp.275–282.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[15] Wang, C.-H., Hsieh, S.-C., Wang, H.-J., Chen, M.-L., Lin, B.-F., Chiang, B.-H. and Lu, T.-J. (2014). Concentration Variation and Molecular Characteristics of Soluble (1,3;1,6)-β-d-Glucans in Submerged Cultivation Products of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 62(3), pp.634–641.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e[16] Chu, Q.-P., Wang, L.-E., Cui, X.-Y., Fu, H.-Z., Lin, Z.-B., Lin, S.-Q. and Zhang, Y.-H. (2007). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via a GABAergic mechanism. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, 86(4), pp.693–698.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003c\/details\u003e","published_at":"2018-10-03T17:13:28+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","published_scope":"web","image":{"created_at":"2018-10-03T17:17:02+10:00","alt":"","width":2000,"height":1602,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/collections\/Powder_Chaga.png?v=1570769090"}},{"id":150889955397,"handle":"life-cykel-specials","title":"Specials","updated_at":"2019-11-12T23:50:02+11:00","body_html":"Check in here for special deals and discounts on our range of products and bundles!","published_at":"2019-09-23T13:52:32+10:00","sort_order":"best-selling","template_suffix":"","disjunctive":false,"rules":[{"column":"tag","relation":"equals","condition":"specials"}],"published_scope":"web","image":{"created_at":"2019-09-23T13:56:04+10:00","alt":null,"width":2000,"height":1147,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0051\/1010\/4133\/collections\/3.kits.horizontal.flowers.png?v=1569210964"}}]$79.85 AUD